Phraseological lem yog kev phem ntawm txhua tus neeg uas kawm ib hom lus txawv teb chaws, vim hais tias, ntsib nrog lawv, ib tug neeg feem ntau tsis to taub dab tsi yog hais. Feem ntau, txhawm rau nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus tshwj xeeb, ib tus yuav tsum siv phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus, uas nyob deb ntawm ib txwm nyob ntawm tes. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib txoj hauv kev tawm - koj tuaj yeem txhim kho lub peev xwm los paub txog cov kab lus, ces nws yuav yooj yim to taub lawv lub ntsiab lus. Muaj tseeb, rau qhov no koj yuav tsum paub tias lawv yog hom twg thiab lawv txawv li cas. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb hauv qhov teeb meem no yuav tsum tau them rau cov lus sib txuas lus, txij li lawv (vim txoj kev sib txawv ntawm kev faib lawv) tsim teeb meem ntau tshaj. Yog li, lawv yog dab tsi, lawv qhov txawv li cas thiab hauv phau ntawv txhais lus dab tsi koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus qhia?
Phraseology thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj kev kawm
Science phraseology, uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev kawm ntawm ntau yamruaj khov ua ke, kuj hluas. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, nws pib sawv tawm raws li ib tug cais seem tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, thiab txawm tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua no, ua tsaug rau Mikhail Lomonosov.
Nws cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov lus Askiv Viktor Vinogradov thiab Nikolai Shansky, thiab hauv lus Askiv - A. McKay, W. Weinreich thiab L. P. Smith. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias cov lus Askiv hais lus, tsis zoo li Slavic cov kws tshwj xeeb, them nyiaj tsawg dua rau cov lus hais, thiab lawv cov khoom hauv cov lus no tsis zoo rau Lavxias, Ukrainian lossis Polish.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, uas qhov kev qhuab qhia no tsom ntsoov rau nws txoj kev mloog, yog chav tsev hais lus lossis kab lus kab lus. Nws yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob peb lo lus uas ruaj khov hauv cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg (nws tsis yog muab tso ua ke tshiab txhua zaus, tab sis siv rau hauv daim ntawv npaj ua tiav). Vim li no, thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam syntactic, ib chav phraseological, tsis hais nws hom thiab qhov ntev ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, ib txwm tshwm sim raws li ib tug tswv cuab ntawm kab lus.
Phraseological turnover nyob rau hauv txhua yam lus yog ib qho tshwj xeeb uas txuam nrog nws keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Nws tsis tuaj yeem txhais tag nrho yam tsis poob nws lub ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, thaum txhais lus, phraseological units twb zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus feem ntau xaiv.
Piv txwv li, cov lus Askiv paub zoo: "Keep your fingers on the pulse", uas txhais tau tias "keep your fingers on the pulse", tab sis nws txhais tau tias "kom ceev ntawm cov xwm txheej". Txawm li cas los xij, txij li Russia tsis muajib puas feem pua analogue, nws yog hloov los ntawm ib tug zoo sib xws: "Cia koj tus ntiv tes ntawm lub mem tes."
Qee zaum, vim nyob ze ntawm lub tebchaws, cov kab lus zoo sib xws tshwm sim hauv lawv cov lus, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis muaj teeb meem nrog kev txhais lus. Yog li ntawd, cov lus Lavxias teb sab "yuav lub thoob" (kom mess ncig) muaj nws tus kwv ntxaib hauv Ukrainian lus - "baidyky lub neej".
Ntau zaus, cov kab lus no tshwm sim ib txhij hauv ntau hom lus vim muaj qee qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb, xws li kev ntseeg Vajtswv. Txawm hais tias koom nrog cov ntseeg sib txawv, hauv Ukrainian, Fabkis, Mev, German, Slovak, Lavxias thiab Polish, chav tsev hais lus "alpha thiab omega" yog ib qho, muab los ntawm phau Vajlugkub thiab lub ntsiab lus "txog thaum pib mus txog thaum kawg" (ua kom tiav, kom huv si).
Nyob ntawm phraseological units
Ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab lus, cov lus qhia tseem tsis tau los rau ib lub tswv yim. Ib txhia kuj muaj xws li cov lus pov thawj (“Koj nyob tsis tau lub hnub, koj nyob tsis tau yog tsis muaj tus hlub”), cov lus hais (“Vajtswv yuav tsis pub tawm – tus npua yuav tsis noj”) thiab cov nyiaj muas noj (“kub. kev txhawb nqa”, “ib puag ncig ua haujlwm”). Tab sis tam sim no lawv nyob hauv cov haiv neeg tsawg.
Tam sim no, qhov kev faib tawm nrov tshaj plaws hauv East Slavic cov lus yog kev faib tawm ntawm cov lus Askiv Viktor Vinogradov, uas tau faib tag nrho cov kab lus ua peb. Pawg tseem ceeb:
- phraseological fusions.
- Phraseological unity.
- phraseological ua ke.
Ntau tus neeg txhais lus sib txuas fusion thiab kev sib koom ua ke nrog lo lus "idiom" (los ntawm txoj kev, lo lus no muaj tib lub hauv paus raws li lub npe "idiot"), uas yog qhov tseeb rau lub npe "phraseologism". Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias qee zaum nws nyuaj heev los kos ib kab ntawm lawv. Lub npe no tsim nyog nco ntsoov, txij li hauv lus Askiv phraseological unions, kev sib koom ua ke, kev sib txuas yog txhais tau meej nrog nws cov kev pab - idioms.
Qhia txog cov kab lus hais lus
Vinogradov tus npoj yaig Nikolai Shansky tau hais txog qhov muaj plaub hom - kab lus. Qhov tseeb, nws tau faib Vinogradov cov lus sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv ob pawg: kev sib txuas kom raug thiab cov lus qhia.
Txawm hais tias Shansky qhov kev faib tawm ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cov tswv yim faib cov kab lus, nws tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hais lus no ntau dua.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm phraseological fusions, phraseological units, phraseological ua ke
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yuav tsum paub meej tias cov chav nyob ruaj khov no tau muab faib ua cov hom no raws li qib kev ywj pheej ntawm lawv cov khoom.
Kev hloov pauv, uas yog qhov sib cais tsis sib xws, lub ntsiab lus uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov khoom, tau hu ua cov lus sib txuas lus. Piv txwv li: "kom sharpen lub laces" (kom muaj kev sib tham ruam), hnav ib lub siab ntawm ib lub tes tsho (hais tseeb,Lo lus txhais tau tias "kom hnav lub siab ntawm lub tes tsho"). Los ntawm txoj kev, fusions yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua piv txwv, feem ntau lawv tshwm sim los ntawm pej xeem hais lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lus hais tsis tu ncua lossis los ntawm cov phau ntawv qub.
Phraseological units yog hom kev ywj pheej ntau dua, cuam tshuam rau nws cov khoom. Tsis zoo li splices, lawv cov semantics yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov khoom. Vim li no, puns tau suav nrog ntawm no. Piv txwv li: "me me thiab daring" (tus neeg uas ua ib yam dab tsi zoo, txawm nws unimpressive sab nraud cov ntaub ntawv) los yog Ukrainian phraseological chav tsev: "katyuzі ntawm qhov zoo" (tus neeg ua txhaum tau txais ib lub txim rau nws tus kheej tsis ncaj ncees lawm). Los ntawm txoj kev, ob qho tib si piv txwv qhia txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke: cov lus sib dhos. Tej zaum yog vim li cas Viktor Vinogradov suav nrog cov lus hais thiab cov lus pov thawj ntawm lawv, txawm hais tias ntau tus neeg txhais lus tseem tsis sib cav txog lawv qhov kev koom nrog cov kab lus.
Thib peb: dawb phraseological ua ke ntawm cov lus. Lawv txawv txawv heev ntawm ob qho saum toj no. Qhov tseeb yog tias tus nqi ntawm lawv cov khoom cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv. Piv txwv li: "kev qaug dej qaug cawv tsis muaj zog", "txhawb qhov teeb meem."
Phraseological ua ke hauv Lavxias (nrog rau hauv Ukrainian thiab Askiv) muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb: lawv cov khoom tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tas yuav poob lub ntsiab lus: "ua mob rau kev hwm" - "ua rau kev khav theeb", "crimson ringing "-" melodic ringing. Raws li ib qho piv txwv los ntawm cov lus ntawm cov neeg txaus siab Brits, lub ntsiab lus los qhia ib tus hniav (qhia cov hniav), uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau txhua lub ntsej muag: qhia kuv (koj, nws, nws, peb) cov hniav.
Phraseological kab zauv thiab kev sib txuas:qhov txawv nta
Victor Vinogradov qhov kev faib tawm, uas tsuas yog ib hom kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas (phraseological ua ke) sawv hauv qhov sib xyaw, tau maj mam ntxiv los ntawm Nikolai Shansky. Nws yog qhov yooj yim heev kom paub qhov txawv ntawm idioms thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke (vim lawv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv). Tab sis Shansky chav tsev tshiab - cov lus qhia ("yuav tsum ntshai hma - tsis txhob mus rau hauv hav zoov") yog qhov nyuaj rau kev paub qhov txawv ntawm kev sib txuas.
Tab sis yog tias koj delve rau hauv cov lus nug, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov txawv txav, uas yog raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Yog li, cov lus qhia muaj cov lus pub dawb kiag li, muaj kev ywj pheej semantics ("tsis yog txhua yam yog kub - dab tsi glitters"). Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txawv ntawm cov kab lus thiab kab lus nyob rau hauv uas lawv yog cov kab lus ruaj khov uas tsis tau ua ke hauv txoj kev tshiab, tab sis siv rau hauv daim ntawv tiav, raws li tus qauv: "radish horseradish tsis sweeter" (Ukrainian version ntawm "radish horseradish yog tsis m alted”).
phraseological ua ke ("kom muab lub taub hau txiav tawm" - "muab tes txiav tawm") ib txwm muaj ob peb lo lus nrog lub ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus, thaum tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab lus yog semantically ywj siab ("Tus txiv neej - nws suab txaus siab"). Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no feature ntawm lawv ua rau ib co linguists tsis ntseeg hais tias cov lus muaj nyob rau phraseological units.
Yuav ua li cas sib sau ua ke ntawm cov lus tsis yog ib lo lus tig
Phraseologisms, los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lexical, yog qhov tshwm sim tshwj xeeb: ntawm ib sab, lawv muaj tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab lus, tab sis tib lub sijhawm lawv nyob ze rau hauv lawv cov khoom rau cov lus. Paub cov nonta, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim kawm paub qhov txawv cov lus sib txuas lus ruaj khov, chav nyob, fusions lossis cov lus qhia los ntawm cov kab lus zoo tib yam.
- Phraseologisms, zoo li cov kab lus, muaj ntau qhov sib txuas lus sib txuas, tab sis feem ntau lawv lub ntsiab lus tsis tuaj yeem mus dhau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov khoom. Piv txwv li: "poob koj lub taub hau" (tsis txhob xav sensibly) thiab "poob koj lub hnab nyiaj". Cov lus uas ua los ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia feem ntau yog siv los ua cov lus piv txwv.
- Thaum siv los hais lus thiab sau ntawv, cov kab lus ntawm cov lus raug tsim dua tshiab txhua zaus. Tab sis kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev sib koom ua ke yog tas li rov tsim dua hauv daim ntawv tiav (uas ua rau lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev hais lus clichés). Phraseological ua ke ntawm cov lus thiab phraseological qhia nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no yog tej zaum tsis meej pem. Piv txwv li: "tso koj lub taub hau" (kom tu siab), txawm hais tias nws yog chav tsev hais lus, txhua yam ntawm nws cov khoom muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov kab lus yooj yim: " dai lub tsho tiv no " thiab "qis koj lub taub hau".
- Phraseological tig (vim kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov khoom) feem ntau tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm lo lus zoo, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua nrog ib kab lus. Piv txwv li: cov lus "tus qhev ntawm Melpomene" tuaj yeem hloov tau yooj yim rau lo lus yooj yooj yim "tus kws kos duab" lossis "tus neeg ua yeeb yam".
- Phraseologisms yeej tsis ua raws li lub npe. Piv txwv li, lub hydronym "Tuag Hiav Txwv" thiab cov lus sib txuas lus "lub caij tuag" (lub caij tsis nrov), " dag tuag hnyav" (dag tsis siv thauj khoom).
Kev faib cov chav nyob ntawm cov lus qhia los ntawm keeb kwm
Xav txog cov lus nug ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev sib txuas lus, kab lus, chav nyob thiab cov koom haum, peb tuaj yeem faib ua ob peb pawg.
- Kev sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm pej xeem cov lus: "tso koj ko taw", "tsis muaj vaj ntxwv nyob hauv koj lub taub hau" (ruam), "ib lub lis piam tsis muaj xyoo" (lub sijhawm luv heev).
- Kev tshaj lij clichés uas maj mam hloov mus ua idioms: "dub thiab dawb", "pob dej rau ntawm zeb", "ntawm qhov chaw nrawm".
- Cov nqe lus ntawm cov keeb kwm nto moo lossis cov neeg sau ntawv, cov yeeb yaj kiab uas tau dhau los ua kev ntseeg: "Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov hnav ris tsho" ("Magicians"), "Koj yuav tsum ceev faj ntxiv, cov txiv neej" (M. Zhvanetsky), Kuv muaj npau suav (Martin Luther King Jr.).
- ruaj khov kev sib txuas lus tau txais los ntawm lwm yam lus, qee zaum tsis muaj kev txhais lus. Piv txwv li: o tempora, o mores (o times, o morals), carpe diem (size the moment), tempus vulnera sanat (time heals wounds).
- phau Vajlugkub hais tias: "tham hlaws" (kom qhia / qhia qee yam rau cov neeg tsis mloog lus / cov neeg saib), "tos kom txog thaum lub thib ob los" (kom tos ib yam dab tsi ntev thiab tej zaum tsis muaj ntsiab lus), "tus tub qias neeg ", "manna los saum ntuj ceeb tsheej".
- Cov lus los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thaum ub: "ib qho kua ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb" (ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb), "khoom plig ntawm Danaans" (kev phem tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua siab zoo), "qhov zoo ntawm Medusa" (uas ua rau nws khov. nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, zoo li lub pob zeb).
Lwm kev faib tawm: Petr Dudik's version
- Dhau li Vinogradov thiab Shansky, lwm tus neeg hais lus kuj tau sim cais cov kab lus, coj los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov ntsiab lus. Yog li, tus kws txhais lus Dudik tau txheeb xyuas tsis yog plaub, tab sis ntau li tsib hom kab lus:
- Semantically inseparable idioms: "yuav ntawm ko taw luv" (ze rau ib tug neeg).
- Phraseological kev sib koom siab nrog cov ntsiab lus pub dawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus: "xws li koj lub caj dab" (rau txim rau ib tug neeg).
- Phraseological kab lus, tag nrho muaj cov lus ywj pheej, mus rau tag nrho cov nqi uas nws tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov lus sib dhos. Dudik feem ntau yog hais txog lawv cov lus thiab cov lus pov thawj: "Ib tug goose tsis yog ib tug phooj ywg rau ib tug npua."
- phraseological ua ke - kab lus raws li lub ntsiab lus piv txwv: "blue blood", "hawk's eye".
- Cov lus qhia. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov piv txwv thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom: "loj loj".
Kev faib tawm los ntawm Igor Melchuk
Sib nrug los ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no yog Melchuk qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab lus. Raws li nws, muaj ntau hom sib txawv, uas tau muab faib ua plaub pawg.
- Degree: full, semi-phrase, quasi-phrase.
- Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kab lus: semantic thiab pragmatems.
- Yuav ua li cas hom lus nws belongs rau: lexeme, kab lus, kab lus syntactic.
- Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia lus uas tau dhau los ua cov lus hais: syntacticskos npe, kos npe thiab kos npe.
Boris Larin kev faib tawm
Tus kws txhais lus no tau faib cov lus sib txuas ruaj khov ntawm cov lus raws li theem ntawm lawv cov kev hloov pauv, los ntawm cov kab lus zoo tib yam mus rau cov lus hais:
- Variable phrases (analogue ntawm phraseological ua ke thiab kab lus): "velvet season".
- Cov uas tau ib feem poob lawv lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, tab sis muaj peev xwm tau txais cov lus piv txwv thiab kev ua piv txwv: " khaws lub pob zeb hauv koj lub xub ntiag"
- Idioms uas tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm semantic ntawm lawv cov khoom, nrog rau qhov ntawd tau poob kov nrog lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab lub luag haujlwm grammatical (analogous rau phraseological fusions thiab units): "tawm ntawm tes" (phem).
Cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus sib txuas lus
Cov hauv qab no yog ob peb nqe lus uas paub zoo dua.
- "Ua tawm ntawm koj lub caij" (xav tsis xis nyob).
- "Koj ob lub qhov muag" (yuav txaj muag).
- "Txhob" (sib tw ib tus neeg).
- "Ib yam lus kov" (ib qho teeb meem xav tau kev txiav txim siab zoo).
Txawm hais tias kev faib tawm ntawm Vinogradov thiab Shansky tsis siv rau cov lus Askiv ntawm cov lus, txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj peev xwm xaiv cov kab lus ruaj khov uas tuaj yeem faib ua cov lus sib txuas lus.
Piv txwv:
- Nkauj phooj ywg - bosom buddy (bosom phooj ywg - bosom buddy).
- Ib Sisyfean lab.
- Kev sib ntaus sib tua - kev sib ntaus sib tuasib ntaus sib tua (kev sib ntaus sib tua - kev sib ntaus sib tua).
phraseological dictionaries
Lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov lus hais yog vim qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj leej twg muab 100% lav ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov yuam kev. Yog li ntawd, nws tseem tsim nyog paub txog cov phau ntawv txhais lus twg uas koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus qhia yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog hom phraseological unit. Tag nrho cov dictionaries ntawm hom no tau muab faib ua monolingual thiab multilingual. Cov phau ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm hom no tau txhais hauv qab no, uas koj tuaj yeem pom cov piv txwv ntawm cov kab lus uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv Lavxias.
- Monolingual: "Educational Phraseological Dictionary" los ntawm E. Bystrova; "Ib qho lus qhia hlawv - phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm pej xeem cov lus" los ntawm V. Kuzmich; "Phraseological phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus" A. Fedoseev; "Phraseological Dictionary ntawm Lavxias teb sab Literary Language" los ntawm I. Fedoseev thiab "Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary" los ntawm M. Michelson.
- Multilingual: "loj lus Askiv-Lavxias teb sab Phraseological" (nplooj ntawv nees nkaum txhiab kab lus hloov) los ntawm A. Kunina, "Loj Polish-Lavxias teb sab, Lavxias-Polish Phraseological Dictionary" los ntawm Y. Lukshin thiab Random House Lavxias-English Dictionary ntawm Idioms los ntawm Sofia Lyubenskaya.
Tej zaum, tau kawm tias qee zaum nws tsis yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv tam sim ntawd lub tsev hais lus tshwj xeeb yog dab tsi, cov ncauj lus no yuav zoo li nyuaj heev. Txawm li cas los xij, dab ntxwg nyoog tsis txaus ntshai li nws tau pleev xim rau. Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los txhim kho lub peev xwm kom raug nrhiav cov lus sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov lus ntawm lwm cov chav phraseological yog kev cob qhia tsis tu ncua. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txawv teb chaws - mus kawm keeb kwmtshwm sim ntawm cov kab lus no thiab cim lawv. Qhov no yuav tsis tsuas yog pab koj kom tsis txhob txaj muag yav tom ntej, tab sis kuj yuav ua rau koj cov lus zoo nkauj thiab xav txog.
