Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov lus yog morphological. Nws yog characterized los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib lo lus tshiab yog tsim los ntawm prefixes, suffixes, prefixes thiab suffixes, pov tseg ib feem tseem ceeb, ib txoj kev ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub prefix-suffix txoj kev, cov lus raug tsim raws li nram no: ib tug prefix thiab ib tug suffix yog ib txhij txuas mus rau lub thawj lo lus. Piv txwv li: pw tsaug zog - pw tsaug zog, nqi - dawb. Txoj kev no tuaj yeem tsim cov npe, verbs, adjective, adverbs.
Noun formation
Yeej, cov npe yog tsim los ntawm cov npe hauv txoj kev ua ntej-suffix. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lawv yuav muaj cov nram qab no ua ke ntawm prefixes thiab suffixes:
- anti- thiab -in, -itel;
- without-/bes- and -i(j)-, -i j (-j), -k(a), -ok, -its(a), -enik, -nits(a), - pob ntseg(a), -sheep(a);
- sun- /sun- and - j-, -ok;
- for- and - j -, -nickname, -o(in j), -ok, -in(a), -shchik;
- inter-/nruab nrab- thiab -and(j)-, - j -;
- on- and -nick, - j, -n(th);
- over- and -and(j)-, -j-, -nick;
- o- and - j -, -nick, -ok, -in(a);
- under- and -ok;
- ze-thiab-npe. -j -;
- from- and -ok, -j -, -and(j)-;
- pa- and -ok, -its(a);
- re- and -ok, -i(j)-, -j -, -ok-, -its(a);
- on- and - j -, -o(in j)-. -nick, -k (a), -ok, -chik, -ness, in(a), -ovshchin (a), -en, -im;
- sub- and -nick, -ok, -i(j)-, - j -, -n(i), -k(a), -shchik, -ik, -n(th), - im(th);
- pre- and -i(j), -j -, -npe, -ok;
- at- and -i(j)-, -j - -o(in j)-, -nick, -ok, -en, -k(a);
- pro- and -ok;
- counter- and -and(j)-, -tel;
- raz- and - j -, in(a), -k(a), -its(a);
- co- and -nick/-ennik, -i j -, - j -. -est(o).
Nouns tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov lus qhia. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, peb yuav tau txais cov nram qab no ua ke ntawm prefixes thiab suffixes:
- non- and -k(a), -eni j -, -nei j -, -i j, -ih(a), -x(a), -l, -lshchina, -nick;
- o-/ob- and -ok, -k(s), -j -, -in(a);
- po- and -k(a), -eni j -, -from(a), -uh(a), -lk(i), -ayk(a), -un, -ets. -ear(a), -search(e);
- co- and -tel, -ti j, -ets.
Qee zaum, cov npe muab los ntawm cov lus qhia yuav muaj cov lus ua ntej thiab cov lus hauv qab no:
- rau- thiab -k(s);
- on- and -flax(kuv);
- re- and -in(a);
- re- and -k(a);
- counter- and -stv(o);
- y- and -k(a).
Lesscov npe kuj tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov npe, thaum lawv yuav muaj cov nram qab no ua ke ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus ua ntej:
- rau-/at- thiab -j-;
- sub- thiab -ik;
- rau-\ nrog- thiab -thiab j- (-j-);
- re- and -ok.
Examples of noun formation
Cov lus tsim los ntawm txoj kev ua ntej-suffix, piv txwv
1. Nouns los ntawm nouns:
- tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum - tiv thaiv + yoov tshaj cum + hauv;
- anti-aging agent - anti + qub + intel;
- tasteless - tsis muaj + saj + tsis;
- birdless - dab + noog + ee;
- phem - tsis + saj + qe;
- sleeveless - tsis muaj + tes tsho + ka;
- fatherlessness - tsis muaj + txiv + yaj;
- hill - vz + roob + ye;
- hill - nce + roob + ok;
- district - rau + hais lus + ye;
- mouthpiece - rau + daim di ncauj + npe menyuam yaus;
- flap - rau + tis + ok;
- etc
2. Nouns los ntawm verbs:
- tsis paub - tsis paub + paub (paub) + ka;
- unskill - tsis + siab (yuav tau) + ha;
- remnant - about + xab npum (xab) + ok;
- jump - by + dhia (dav) + ka;
- jumper - by +prig (prigat) + un;
- roommate - co + zhi (live) + cev;
- etc.
3. Nouns los ntawm adjectives: Arctic, Azov, Trans-Urals, boletus, boletus, peresarok, thiab lwm yam.
Vajtswv Tsim
Raws li cov lus qhia, lawv tsim los ntawm:
- adjectives;
- nouns;
- verbs;
- pronouns;
- ntaus;
- kev sib tham.
Cia peb xav txog qhov ua ntej-suffixal txoj hauv kev tsim cov lus qhia kom ntxaws ntxiv. Feem ntau cov lus qhia uas muaj ob qho tib si ua ntej thiab cov lus tom qab yog tsim los ntawm cov npe thiab cov npe thiab muaj cov lus tom qab -and-. Nrog rau lub ntsiab lus no, lo lus yuav suav nrog cov npe hauv qab no: for-, you-, from-, about-, on-, o-, from-, re-, under-, bez-, po-, pro-, s-, times-, at-, at-. Cov lus qhia nrog cov lus tom qab -i- yog qhov hloov pauv, tshwj tsis yog cov lus uas tsis suav nrog hauv hom derivational. Verbs nrog cov lus tom qab -e- yog tsim ua ke nrog cov lus ua ntej o-, for-, bez-, ob-, po-. Verbs nrog lub ntsiab lus -e- yog intransitive. Lwm qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov npe ua ntej thiab cov lus xaus kuj ua tau, tab sis lawv raug cais tawm hauv cov xwm txheej cais. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem ua tau: lub ntsiab lus -ova- thiab cov npe ob-, -re-; suffix -a- thiab prefixes for-, o-, ob-, po-, y-.
Thiab rau cov lus qhia tsim los ntawm cov lus ua ntej-sab lus los ntawm cov lus qhia tsis yog ua ntej, feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj cov npe sib txawv thiab cov lus xaus -iva-, -va-, -a-. cov suffix -nu- kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua ke nrog cov ntawv ua ntej vz-, s-, at-. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov lus qhia muaj cov qauv uas muaj cov lus ua ntej thiab cov lus tom qab -and-.
Thaum tsim cov lus qhia los ntawm cov lej, cov lus hais thiab cov lus sib txuas, xws li kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus ua ntej tuaj yeem tshwm sim: y- thiab -and-, with- thiab -and-, re- thiab -and-. Tab sis cov xwm txheej no tsis tshua muaj.
Examples of verb formation
Verbs ntawm nouns:
- ncaj - koj + ncaj + nws;
- smoke - rau + haus luam yeeb + nws;
- qauv - ntawm + qauv + nws;
- fill - on + puv + nws;
- cordon - o + saw + nws;
- sugary - txog + qab zib + nws;
- degrease - degrease + rog + ooze;
- delimit - ntawm + ciam teb + nws;
- peroxidize - per + qaub + nws;
- etc.
Verbs ntawm verbs:
- shake los ntawm co;
- squeal los ntawm squeal;
- hu los ntawm hu;
- hu los ntawm hu;
- nias tawm;
- tap los ntawm kais;
- nap ntawm nap;
- etc.
Kev tsim ntawm adjective
Tus ua ntej-suffixal txoj kev tsim los kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm adjectives. Lawv tsim los ntawm:
- nouns;
- verbs;
- adjectives;
- lus qhuab qhia.
Cov lus tsim los ntawm txoj kev ua ntej-suffix los ntawm cov npe yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov lus ua ntej thiab cov lus tom qab:
- tsis-/bes- thiab -n-/-enn-;
- out-/inside- and -n-, -sk-;
- rau- thiab -enn-, -ovann-;
- inter-/inter- and -n-, -sk-;
- na- and -n-, -enn-;
- over- and -n-;
- non- and -n-;
- about-thiab-n-;
- ntawm- thiab -n-;
- po- and -n-, -sk-;
- sub- thiab -n-;
- pre- and -n-;
- at- and -n-, -sk-;
- co- and -n-, -enn-;
- among- and -n-;
- through-/through- and-n-.
Hauv cov xwm txheej cais muaj xws li:
- thov-thiab-n-;
- ua-thiab-n-;
- nraug-n-;
- tsis- thiab -iv-;
- tsis- thiab -im-;
- at- and -ist-;
- raz- thiab -ist-.
Adjectives tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov lus qhia los ntawm kev ntxiv cov npe hauv qab no thiab cov lus tom qab:
- tsis-/tsis-thiab-n-;
- non- and -n-;
- not- and -om-, -em-, -im-, -nn-;
- tsis-thiab-teln-, -nn-;
- rau- thiab -anne-.
Hauv cov xwm txheej cais muaj xws li:
- non- and -uch-, -iv-, -chiv-;
- tsis-o- thiab -im-;
- tsis-pre-o- thiab -im-;
- rau- thiab -n-;
- raz- and -n-;
- on- and -n-;
- pro- and -liv-;
- counter-thiab -full-.
Raws li kev tsim cov lus qhia los ntawm adjectives, qhov no tshwm sim thaum ntxiv cov lus ua ntej rau- thiab cov lus tom qab -enn-. Cov xwm txheej ib leeg muaj xws li kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus ua ntej thiab cov lus xaus: na- thiab -n-, ob- thiab -n-, sub- thiab -ovat-, pro- thiab -ovat-.
Tab sis adjectives tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm adverb nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub los ntawm kev ntxiv cov prefix co- thiab cov suffix -n-.
Examples of adjective formation
Adjectives los ntawm nouns:
- off-row - tawm + kab + tshiab;
- txawv teb chaws - rau + ciam teb + ny;
- bushy - rau + handicraft + enny;
- inter-kab - nruab nrab + kab + tshiab;
- dab teg - on + manual + ny;
- overground - saum toj + ntiaj teb + ny;
- innocent - tsis + wine + ny;
- amniotic - txog + fetus + tshiab;
- from prepositional - los ntawm + prepositional + ny;
- coastal - by + ceev faj + ny;
- Moscow cheeb tsam - hauv qab + Moscow + ny;
- etc.
Adjectives los ntawm verbs:
- reckless - tsis + ntsia + ny;
- kev zam - tsis + zam + ny;
- unbearable - tsis + takeaway + imm;
- tsis cuam tshuam - tsis muaj + kwv tij + kwv tij;
- kua muag - rau + quaj + anny;
- tsis mob - tsis + zoo siab + willy;
- etc.
Adjectives los ntawm adjective:
- sour - qaub;
- tsev neeg - tsis nco qab;
- naked - liab qab;
- dav - dav;
- dig muag - ib nrab pom;
- long – oblong;
- etc.
Adjective from the adverb: ua ke - sib koom.
Tsim cov lus qhia
Adverbs yog tsim los ntawm:
- adjectives;
- nouns;
- verbs;
- lus qhuab qhia;
- ntaus.
Adverbs uas yog tsim los ntawm adjectives nyob rau hauv lub prefix-suffix txoj kev yuav muaj cov nram qab no ua ke ntawm prefixes thiab suffixes:
- v- and -th, -n-, -ov-, -t-, -e, -n-, -i-, -o, -th, -ah, -oh, - s;
- vo- and -e, -them, -th, -o;
- rau- thiab -o, -th, -a;
- from- and -a, -e, -i;
- is- and -i;
- na- and -o, -th, -th, -th, -yaka, -ik, -ki, -ok;
- s-/co- thiab -a, -y;
- syz- thiab -a.
Tseem muaj cov xwm txheej cais:
- v- and -ah, -oh, -th;
- vo- and -o;
- rau- thiab -th, -a;
- ntawm- thiab -e, -i;
- na and -th, -yaka, -ik, -ki;
- on-of- and -ok, -ki;
- tsis-on-y;
- sub- thiab -th;
- syz- and -stva;
- ntawm sub thiab -ka.
Yog hais tias tus adverb yog tsim los ntawm lub npe, ces ib tug prefix thiab ib tug suffix ntxiv rau lub qia:
- v-/vo- and -y, -k(a), -h(a);
- on- and -y, -k(a), -h(a), -ost4
- v- thiab -y, -e, -i, -s;
- on- and -y, -ah, -yah;
- po- and -y, -e, -i;
- ua-thiab-y;
- s-y, -a, -i;
- k- and -y.
Ib leeg mob: hauv-thiab-thiab, hauv-thiab-thiab, ntawm-thiab-thiab, ntawm-thiab-o, qab-thiab-th, syz-thiab-a, hauv-thiab-ku.
Thaum adverbs raug tsim los ntawm tus lej, cov lus hauv qab no thiab cov lus ua ntej tau ntxiv rau lawv:
- in- and -th, -eat, -oh. –e;
- na- and -o, -e.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev ua ntej-suffix, cov lus tsim los ntawm cov lus qhia yuav muaj cov lus hauv qab no thiab cov lus xaus:
- v- and -ku, -ah, ya;
- na- and -ku, -u;
- tsis-thiab-y;
- do- and y, -a;
- s- and -y.
Single case: from-and-y, v-and-ka, on-and-ki, in-and-kah, s-and-ok, s-and-(j)a, not-and -otu, na- and -th, na- and -yak.
Kev tsim ntawm adverbs los ntawm adverbs tsawg dua. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntxiv cov lus ua ntej thiab cov lus tom qab: hauv- thiab -y, hauv- thiab -ku.
Piv txwv ntawm kev tsim cov lus qhia
Adverbs los ntawm adjective:
- nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev lag luam - hauv +business + mu;
- doggy-style - by + doggy +s;
- simply - by + yooj yim + y;
- slowly - ntsiag to + ntsiag to + onka;
- big - loj + loj + oh;
- khib - hauv + khoob + th;
- general - hauv + general + e;
- kaum - in + deut + th;
- dry - ua ntej + qhuav + a;
- ntawm daj - los ntawm - daj + a;
- etc.
Adverbs ntawm nouns:
- ib nrab - hauv + ib nrab + y;
- ib nrab - ib nrab + y;
- qab - rau + hauv qab + y;
- top - on + top + y;
- at first - by + pib + y;
- to top - to + top + y;
- qab - c + qab + y;
- top - to + top + y;
- etc.
Adverbs los ntawm tus lej:
- foursome - hauv + plaub + ohm;
- twice - in + two + e;
- in two - on + two + e;
- etc.
Adverbs ntawm verbs:
- waddling - in + pass + ku;
- hauv pom - hauv + pom + y;
- incessantly - tsis muaj + ntsiag to + y
- etc.
Adverbs los ntawm adverbs:
- ntau - by + ntau + y;
- pretend - by + narosh + ku;
- etc.
Kev txiav txim ntawm kev sib piv derivational
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov lus twg yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev ua ntej-suffix, koj xav tau:
- ua ntej, txiav txim siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus uas twb muaj lawm raws li tus thawj;
- thib ob, txhawm rau txiav txim siab los ntawm lo lus twg uas tau muab lo lus tsimlo lus;
- thib peb, txiav txim siab seb qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov lus ua ntej thiab cov lus xaus li cas tau tsim nrog.
Cia li saib ib qho piv txwv yooj yim.
Txhua tus paub tias lo lus "poob" yog tsim los ntawm kev ua ntej-suffix. Cia peb ua kom paub tseeb txog qhov no. Yog li, cov lus qhia po/ter/i/l/i muaj:
- prefix in-;
- root -ter-;
- suffixes -i- and -l-;
- end -i.
Vim li cas peb ib leeg tawm ob lub ntsiab lus -i- thiab -l-, thiab tsis yog -yal-? Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias verbs tsis muaj suffixes, -yal-, -al-, -il-, -ol-, -el-. Lub suffix -i- tseem hu ua infinitive suffix, txij li thaum nws xaus nrog lub infinitive qia (kom poob). Tab sis lub ntsiab lus -l- yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm yav dhau los tense ntawm cov lus qhia, uas yog, nws yog formative, nws tsis suav nrog lub qia ntawm lo lus.
