Geosynclinal txoj siv sia: txhais, cov xwm txheej rau lawv cov tsim thiab hom tseem ceeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Geosynclinal txoj siv sia: txhais, cov xwm txheej rau lawv cov tsim thiab hom tseem ceeb
Geosynclinal txoj siv sia: txhais, cov xwm txheej rau lawv cov tsim thiab hom tseem ceeb
Anonim

Lub lithosphere ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb yog txawb, raug hloov pauv tas li ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm lub sijhawm geological thiab muaj cov qauv nyuaj. Ib qho ntawm cov qauv tectonic ntawm lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb yog folded (geosynclinal) txoj siv sia. Xav paub ntxiv txog qhov no hauv kab lus no.

Lub tswvyim ntawm txoj siv quav hnav

Geosynclinal (folded lossis mobile) siv yog ib chav tsev geotectonic yam ntxwv los ntawm magmatic, seismic thiab volcanic kev ua si. Ntxiv nrog rau cov txheej txheem metamorphic loj thiab qee cov txheej txheem folded nrog kev txav mus los. Geosynclinal txoj siv sia yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm lawv cov qauv tsim, uas yog, cov pob zeb sib sau ua ke uas tau tshwm sim hauv qhov chaw geodynamic zoo sib xws.

Qhov ntev ntawm txoj siv sia mus txog kaum txhiab kilometers ntev. Qhov dav yog nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm pua pua los yog txhiab kilometers.

Nyob rau hauv lub siab niaj hnub no, folded siv yog txuam nrog activecontinental margins thiab kev sib tsoo zones ntawm continental daim hlau. Txoj siv sia tshwm sim ntawm thaj tsam ntawm daim phiaj lithospheric txav mus rau ib leeg (xws li ciam teb yog hu ua convergent).

Loj lithospheric phaj
Loj lithospheric phaj

Structure of txav siv

Cov Belts yog tsim los ntawm folded (geosynclinal) thaj chaw - loj formations uas txawv ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib sab ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv evolution. Cov cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tsim los ntawm zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov qauv los yog keeb kwm folded systems ntawm lub hnub nyoog zoo sib xws, xws li Baikalides, Caledonides, Hercynides, thiab lwm yam. Yog li, lub roob Ural yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm Hercynian fold system, Himalayas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm Alpine system.

Geosynclinal cheeb tsam thiab cov tshuab hauv txoj siv sia tau sib cais los ntawm ntau cov qauv tectonic sib txawv. Cov no yog qhov ua txhaum sib sib zog nqus, microcontinents, fragments ntawm continental thiab dej hiav txwv crust, igneous intrusion, kob arcs los yog lawv cov seem. Microcontinents yog cov seem ntawm ancient Proterozoic continents thiab tuaj yeem ntev ntev - txog li pua pua kilometers.

Cov cheeb tsam hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub roob hauv cov txheej txheem hauv cov quav quav:

  • forward (marginal) trough - thaj tsam ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm lub platform thiab thaj tsam folded;
  • thaj tsam sab nraud ntawm lub peripheral geosynclinal system, tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev lees paub ntawm ntau yam qauv (piv txwv li, kob arcs);
  • sab hauv cheeb tsam ntawm orogen, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm metamorphism thiab khaus transverse compressionvim kev sib tsoo (kev sib tsoo) ntawm continental blocks.
Ural - saib ntawm qhov chaw
Ural - saib ntawm qhov chaw

Ntiaj teb lub ntsiab mobile siv

Tam sim no, muaj tsib txoj siv quav loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, txawv ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab hnub nyoog:

  1. Txoj siv Pacific, ciam teb rau Hiav Txwv Pacific raws ntug ntawm txhua lub tebchaws nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej hiav txwv no. Qee zaum, vim nws qhov ntev loj, nws tau muab faib ua West Pacific thiab East Pacific (Cordillera) txoj siv sia. Txawm hais tias qhov kev faib tawm no, uas qhia txog qee qhov kev sib txawv, Pacific geosynclinal txoj siv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem tectonic tshwm sim hauv nws.
  2. Alpine-Himalayan (Mediterranean) siv. Nws stretches los ntawm Atlantic mus rau Indonesia, qhov chaw uas nws hu rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub Pacific siv. Hauv thaj av Tien Shan, nws xyaum ua ke nrog Ural-Mongolian. Txoj siv Alpine-Himalayan geosynclinal muaj relics ntawm Tethys Dej hiav txwv (Mediterranean, Dub, Caspian Seas) thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm microcontinents, xws li Adria nyob rau yav qab teb Europe los yog lub Indosinian microcontinent nyob rau hauv Southeast Asia.
  3. Ural-Mongolian (Ural-Okhotsk) txoj siv txuas ntxiv los ntawm Novaya Zemlya los ntawm Ural fold system mus rau sab qab teb thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj rau Primorye, qhov uas nws hais nrog txoj siv Pacific. Nws sab qaum teb ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Barents Hiav Txwv yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog North Atlantic txoj siv.
  4. Lub North Atlantic Fold Belt khiav raws ntug sab hnub tuaj ntawm North America thiab ntxiv rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb Europe.
  5. Arctictxoj siv sia npog thaj av loj raws ntug dej hiav txwv Arctic los ntawm Canadian Arctic Archipelago hla Greenland mus rau Taimyr.
Geosynclinal siv
Geosynclinal siv

Types of geosynclinal Belts

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ob lub ntsiab ntawm cov hlua khi:

  • Subduction (marginal continental). Kev tsim ntawm txoj siv sia yog txuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawg ntawm daim hlau uas muaj dej hiav txwv crust nyob rau hauv cov npoo ntawm daim hlau, nrog rau cov kob arcs los yog active continental margins. Tam sim no muaj ib txoj hlua khi ntawm hom no - Pacific. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm txoj siv sia, cov txheej txheem subduction pib nrog kev tawg ntawm daim phiaj dej hiav txwv nyob rau hauv cov npoo av. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj zog folded systems (Cordillera, Andes) tsim raws ntug ntawm lub mainland, thiab tsis muaj volcanic arcs thiab marginal seas nyob rau hauv subduction cheeb tsam. Sab hnub poob Pacific ib feem ntawm txoj siv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lwm hom kev cuam tshuam vim qhov peculiarities ntawm cov qauv ntawm lithospheric daim hlau.
  • Kev sib tsoo (intercontinental). Lawv tau tsim nyob rau ntawm cov ciam teb ntawm cov lithospheric daim hlau raws li kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov teb chaws loj uas ua rau cov phiaj no. Qhov seem plaub ntawm cov geosynclinal txoj siv uas twb muaj lawm yog rau hom no. Cov tawv nqaij thaum lub sij hawm sib tsoo txheej txheem yog intensive crushed nrog tsim ntawm roob ranges nrog ib tug complex sab hauv qauv.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm convergent phaj ciam teb
Cov txheej txheem ntawm convergent phaj ciam teb

Evolution of quav belt

Cia peb xav txog kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem folded hauv thaj tsam subduction. Feem ntauCov txheej txheem ntawm kev poob qis ntawm ib lub phaj nyob rau hauv lwm qhov ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws crust nyob rau hauv dai (sab sauv) ntug ntawm lub subduction cheeb tsam raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm accretion vim tev thiab crushing ntawm sedimentary cover los ntawm subducting phaj. Subduction zones yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm volcanic muaj zog. Active volcanism manifests nws tus kheej thoob plaws hauv lub Pacific siv, tsim lub thiaj li hu ua Pacific Ring ntawm hluav taws, thiab, nrog rau kev tso cai thiab lwm yam txheej txheem, koom nyob rau hauv lub roob lub tsev.

Kev txhim kho ntawm cov pob zeb sab av loj thiab lub zog ntawm cov phiaj xwm av loj ua rau txo qis hauv dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv geological yav dhau los, muaj dej hiav txwv uas "kaw" vim lub convergent (counter) txav ntawm daim hlau. Cov no yog cov npe nrov Tethys, Iapetus, Paleoasian, Boreal oceans.

Yog tias ob daim phiaj sib cuam tshuam muaj cov pob zeb hauv av, thaum lawv sib tsoo, txoj siv quav nkag nkag mus rau theem tshiab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj heev uas muaj ntau yam tectonic qauv.

Kev sib tsoo ua rau cov phaj sib koom ua ke vim tias cov phaj sab av loj tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub mantle vim qhov ntom ntom ntawm feem ntau ntawm nws cov pob zeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem tectonic nquag hauv geosynclinal txoj siv sia maj mam ploj mus, thiab cov phiaj tuaj yeem pib theem tshiab ntawm lawv cov evolution (piv txwv li, rifting), feem ntau hauv lwm cheeb tsam.

Keeb kwm thiab tam sim no ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust

Kev tsim ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov hlua khi uas twb muaj lawm yog txuam nrog "kaw" ntawm cov dej hiav txwv thaum ub thiab kev sib tsoo ntawm cov teb chaws. Yog, UralTxoj siv Mongolian tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ploj mus ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm Precambrian Paleoasian Dej hiav txwv, xws li Ural, Turkestan, Mongolian-Okhotsk dej hiav txwv. Txoj siv North Atlantic tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Iapetus. Thaum lub sij hawm kev sib tsoo ntawm ancient continents mus rau lub supercontinent Laurussia. Qhov ploj ntawm Boreal Dej Hiav Txwv tau coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj siv Arctic. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej, North Atlantic thiab Arctic txoj siv tau raug txiav los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic.

Himalayas - saib ntawm qhov chaw
Himalayas - saib ntawm qhov chaw

Pacific thiab Alpine-Himalayan yog cov siv geosynclinal niaj hnub. Ob leeg manifest lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv Eurasia. Kamchatka, Kuriles, Sakhalin, thiab Japanese Islands yog thaj tsam ntawm West Pacific mobile siv. Raws li rau txoj siv Alpine-Himalayan, yuav luag tag nrho nws, tshwj tsis yog Northwest Africa (Maghrib) thiab ib feem ntawm thaj av Caribbean, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Eurasian supercontinent.

Kev tsim ntawm Alpine-Himalayan fold siv siv sijhawm ntev. Kev tso ntawm qee qhov ntawm nws cov ntu tau pib hauv Lig Proterozoic. Tab sis qhov yooj yim txoj siv yog tsim los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Mesozoic thiab Alpine folding. Seismic kev ua ub no thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov qauv roob yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm txoj siv sia. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Mediterranean, qhov chaw uas tseem muaj cov seem ntawm Tethys Dej Hiav Txwv thiab cov txheej txheem subduction tseem tab tom ua, kev ua haujlwm volcanic tau pom. Yog li, qhov tsim ntawm txoj siv yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias thiab deb ntawm tiav.

Pom zoo: