Medieval Kypchak Khanate yog ib pawg ntawm Polovtsian pab pawg uas muaj thaj tsam loj heev ntawm Eurasia. Lawv thaj av nthuav tawm ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Danube nyob rau sab hnub poob mus rau Irtysh nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab los ntawm Kama nyob rau sab qaum teb mus rau Aral Hiav Txwv nyob rau sab qab teb. Lub hav zoov ntawm Kypchak Khanate - XI - XIII centuries.
Backstory
Cov Cumans (lwm lub npe: Kipchaks, Polovtsy, Cumans) yog cov neeg Turkic nrog txoj kev ua neej nyob hauv steppe classic. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII, lawv entrenched lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Kazakhstan. Lawv cov neeg zej zog yog Khazars thiab Oguzes. Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Cumans yog cov Sirs, uas tau taug kev cov steppes ntawm sab hnub tuaj Tien Shan thiab Mongolia. Tias yog vim li cas thawj daim ntawv pov thawj txog cov neeg no yog Suav.
Xyoo 744 cov Cumans poob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Kimaks thiab nyob hauv Kimak Khaganate tau ntev. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th, qhov xwm txheej tau ua raws nraim li qhov sib txawv. Cov Polovtsians tau ua tiav hegemony tshaj Kimaks. Qhov no yog li cas Kypchak Khanate sawv. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, nws tau tshem tawm cov neeg nyob sib ze Oghuz los ntawm qhov qis dua ntawm Syr Darya River. Nyob rau ciam teb nrog Khorezm, cov Polovtsians muaj lub nroog ntawm Sygnak, qhov chaw uas lawv siv lawv lub caij ntuj no nomad camp. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw yog lub ruins ntawm ib tug ancient nroog ntawm zoo archaeological nqi.
Kev Tsim Kho Lub Xeev
Los ntawm 1050, Kypchak Khanate tau nqos tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan niaj hnub (tshwj tsis yog Semirechye). Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, ciam teb ntawm lub xeev no mus txog Irtysh, thiab nws cov ciam teb sab hnub poob nres ntawm Volga. Nyob rau sab qab teb, cov Kypchaks mus txog Talas, nyob rau sab qaum teb - Siberian hav zoov.
Cov haiv neeg ntawm cov nomads no tau tsim los ntawm kev koom ua ke nrog ntau haiv neeg. Cov keeb kwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ob pawg neeg Kipchak tseem ceeb: Yanto thiab Se. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cumans sib xyaw nrog lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze (Turks thiab Oghuz). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov kws tshawb fawb suav txog 16 pawg neeg Kipchak. Cov no yog Borili, Toxoba, Durut, Karaborikles, Bizhanak, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, lub Kypchak Khanate mus txog lub ncov ntawm nws nthuav. Cov nomads nres hauv Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Lavxias teb sab steppes, tau mus txog ciam teb ntawm Byzantine Empire. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj no, cov zej zog Kypchak tau tawg mus rau hauv ob qhov xwm txheej: sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Ciam teb ntawm lawv tau khiav raws Volga (lub Polovtsy hu ua "Itil").
Y
Community structure
Kypchak haiv neeg yog chav kawm thiab kev sib raug zoo tsis sib xws. Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas lav kev vam meej yog nyuj thiab nees. Nws yog lawv tus lej hauv tsev neeg uas tau suav hais tias yog qhov taw qhia ntawm tus neeg qhov chaw ntawm tus ntaiv kev sib raug zoo. Ib feem ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg yog nyob rau hauv kev ua tswv cuab. Cov tsiaj no raug cim nrog tamgas (cov cim tshwj xeeb). Pastures kev lig kev cai koom rau aristocracy.
Feem ntau ntawm Kipchaks muaj cov neeg saib xyuas zoo tib yam thiab cov tswv cuab hauv zej zog. Lawv raug suav hais tias yog dawb, txawm hais tias lawv feem ntau tuaj nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov txheeb ze muaj zog dua. Nrog rau kev poob ntawm nws cov tsiaj nyeg, ib tug txiv neej tau tsis muaj lub sijhawm los mus ncig thiab dhau los ua yatuk - ib tus neeg nyob hauv. Feem ntau disenfranchised nyob rau hauv Polovtsian haiv neeg yog qhev. Lub Kypchak Khanate, uas nws txoj kev lag luam feem ntau yog los ntawm kev quab yuam, ua rau cov qhev ntau ntxiv ntawm cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua tsov ua rog.
Kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia
Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, kev tsov kev rog Lavxias-Polovtsian pib. Cov nomads tsis tau sim kov yeej East Slavic cov thawj coj, tab sis tuaj rau txawv teb chaws rau kev ua tub sab thiab qhev tshiab. Cov neeg steppe tau muab cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab cov tsiaj nyeg thiab ua liaj ua teb puas tsuaj. Lawv qhov kev tawm tsam tau npaj txhij txog thiab nrawm. Raws li txoj cai, cov nomads tswj kom ploj mus ntev ua ntej cov tub rog tub huabtais tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov ntxeem tau.
Cov av nyob ib puag ncig Kyiv, Ryazan, Pereyaslavl, nrog rau Porosye thiab Severshchina feem ntau raug kev txom nyem. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv thaj av nplua nuj thiab lub nroog uas Kypchak Khanate tsom nws txoj kev ua phem tsis zoo. 11 - thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th - lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib tsoo tsis tu ncua ntawm steppes thiab Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog. Vim tias muaj kev phom sij nyob rau sab qab teb, tib neeg tau sim txav mus ze rau cov hav zoov, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm East Slavic cov pej xeem mus rau lub thawj tswj hwm Vladimir.
Chronicle of raids
Thaum Kypchak Khanate, nws thaj chaw tau loj hlob zoo, tau ntsib nrog Russia, lub xeev Slavic, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov tshwm sim los ntawm feudal fragmentation thiab sab hauv.internecine tsov rog. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov xwm txheej no, kev phom sij ntawm nomads tau nce ntau heev.
Thawj qhov kev swb loj ntawm Polovtsians, coj los ntawm Khan Iskal, tau ua rau Pereyaslav tus huab tais Vsevolod Yaroslavich hauv 1061. Xya xyoo tom qab, lub steppes yeej pab tub rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab koom haum ntawm peb Rurik ntawm lub Alta River. Nyob rau hauv 1078, Kiev tub huabtais Izyaslav Yaroslavich tuag nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nezhatina Niva. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tau poob rau Russia loj heev vim tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov huab tais tshwj xeeb kom pom zoo nrog lawv tus kheej rau qhov zoo.
Kev yeej ntawm Rurikovich
Lub medieval Kypchak Khanate, uas nws txoj kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo sab nraud zoo ib yam li cov piv txwv classic ntawm ib tug horde, ua tiav terrorized Lavxias teb sab av rau lub sij hawm ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, kev swb ntawm Eastern Slavs tsis tuaj yeem nyob mus ib txhis. Vladimir Monomakh tau los ua tus neeg ntawm kev sib tw tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam Polovtsians.
Xyoo 1096, tus tub huabtais no tau kov yeej cov Kypchaks ntawm tus dej Trubezh. Tus thawj coj ntawm nomads Tugorkan tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Interestingly, tus tsim ntawm Kypchak Khanate tsis paub txog keeb kwm rau qee yam. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem tsuas yog hais txog cov thawj coj uas tshaj tawm ua tsov rog rau cov neeg nyob sib ze lossis nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv. Khan Tugorkan yog ib tug ntawm lawv.
Zoo ib puag ncig
Ua tsaug rau kev ua siab ntev ntawm pab pawg Slavic, kev nthuav dav uas Kypchak Khanate txuas ntxiv mus rau ntau xyoo lawm. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, cov peev txheej ntawm Polovtsy tsis txaus los co lub sovereignty ntawm Russia. Rurikovich sim daws nrog uninvited qhua los ntawm ib qho twgmuaj txoj kev. Cov tub huabtais tau npaj ciam teb fortifications thiab nyob rau hauv lawv thaj chaw nyob kaj siab lug Turks - dub hoods. Lawv nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws Kyiv thiab tau ua haujlwm ntau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tiv thaiv Russia.
Vladimir Monomakh yog thawj tus tsis yog tsuas yog kov yeej Kipchaks, tab sis kuj tau sim ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam mus rau qhov kawg steppe. Nws cov phiaj xwm ntawm 1111, uas lwm cov Rurikovich koom nrog, tau teeb tsa ua raws li tus qauv ntawm Crusade, uas cov neeg sab hnub poob tau kov yeej Yeluxalees los ntawm cov Muslims. Tom qab ntawd, kev coj ua ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog hauv steppe tau dhau los ua kev lig kev cai. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg yog lub phiaj los nqis tes ntawm lub Seversky tub huabtais Igor Svyatoslavovich, cov txheej xwm uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub "Tale ntawm Igor lub phiaj los nqis tes".
Polovtsi and Byzantium
Rus tsis yog tib lub xeev European uas Kipchak Khanate tau tiv tauj. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm steppes thiab Byzantine Empire yog paub los ntawm medieval Greek chronicles. Nyob rau hauv 1091, lub Polovtsy nkag mus rau hauv ib tug luv luv alliance nrog Lavxias teb sab tub huabtais Vasilko Rostislavich. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub koom haum yog kom kov yeej lwm cov nomads - Pechenegs. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, lawv tau raug ntiab tawm ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub steppes los ntawm Polovtsians thiab tam sim no kuj hem cov ciam teb ntawm Byzantine Empire.
Tsis xav ua kom muaj lub ntsej muag ntawm horde ntawm lawv ciam teb, cov Greeks tau nkag mus rau hauv kev koom tes nrog Vasilko thiab Kypchaks. Xyoo 1091, lawv cov tub rog sib koom ua ke, coj los ntawm Emperor Alexei I Komnenos, tau kov yeej cov tub rog Pecheneg ntawm Tsov Rog ntawm Lebourne. Txawm li cas los xij, cov Greeks tsis tau tsim kev phooj ywg nrog Polovtsians. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1092, lub khanate txhawb tus impostor thiabua piv txwv rau lub hwj chim hauv Constantinople False Diogenes. Polovtsy invaded thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Lub Byzantines tau kov yeej cov qhua tsis tau caw hauv xyoo 1095, tom qab ntawd lawv tsis tau sim mus dhau lawv cov neeg nyob hauv steppe ntev.
Cov phooj ywg ntawm Bulgarians
Yog tias Kipchaks nyob rau ntawm kev ua phem nrog cov Greeks, ces nrog cov Bulgarians los ntawm tib lub Balkans lawv yuav luag ib txwm muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog. Thawj thawj zaug, ob haiv neeg no tau sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tib sab hauv xyoo 1186. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg Bulgarians hla Danube thiab tiv thaiv Emperor Isaac II Angel los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob hauv Balkans. Hauv kev sib tw, Polovtsian hordes nquag pab cov Slavs. Nws yog lawv qhov kev tawm tsam sai uas ua rau cov neeg Greek ntshai heev, uas tsis tau siv los sib ntaus sib tua xws li tus yeeb ncuab.
In 1187 - 1280. Asenis yog tus kav dynasty hauv Bulgaria. Nws yog lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Kypchaks uas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib koom siab muaj zog. Piv txwv li, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, Tsar Kaloyan, ua ke nrog cov steppes, ntau tshaj ib zaug cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm nws cov neeg zej zog, Hungarian huab tais Imre. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib qho kev tshwm sim tshwm sim - Western European knights ntes Constantinople, rhuav tshem Byzantine Empire, thiab tsim lawv tus kheej, Latin, ntawm nws cov ruins. Cov Bulgarians tam sim ntawd tau cog lus rau cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Franks. Xyoo 1205, kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo nyob ze Adrianople tau tshwm sim, uas cov tub rog Slavic-Polovtsian tau kov yeej cov Latins. Crusaders raug kev txom nyem los ntawm crushing, thiab lawv tus huab tais Baldwin txawm raug ntes. Lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv kev yeej tau ua si los ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm Kypchaks.
Kev sib tw los ntawm Mongols
Txawm li cas los xij txoj kev vam meej ntawm Polovtsy nyob rau sab hnub poob, lawv txhua tus tau ploj mus tawm tsam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev hem thawj txaus ntshai uas tau los txog Tebchaws Europe los ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, cov Mongols pib tsim lawv lub teb chaws Ottoman. Lawv thawj zaug kov yeej Tuam Tshoj thiab tom qab ntawd tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob. Tau yooj yim kov yeej Central Asia, cov neeg kov yeej tshiab tau pib thawb cov Polovtsians thiab lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze.
Hauv Tebchaws Europe, Alans yog thawj zaug raug ntaus. Cov Kipchaks tsis kam pab lawv. Ces nws yog lawv tig. Thaum nws pom tseeb tias kev ntxeem tau ntawm Mongols tsis tuaj yeem zam tau, Polovtsian khas tig mus rau Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm kom pab. Ntau Rurikovich yeej teb. Xyoo 1223, cov tub rog Lavxias-Polovtsian tau ntsib Mongols hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Kalka. Nws raug kev txom nyem loj heev. Tom qab 15 xyoo, cov Mongols tau rov qab los tsim lawv tus quab tshaj sab hnub tuaj Europe. Nyob rau hauv 1240s. Lub Kypchan Khanate thaum kawg raug rhuav tshem. Lub Polovtsy raws li ib tug neeg ploj lawm lub sij hawm, dissolving ntawm lwm haiv neeg ntawm lub Great Steppe.
