Cov lus Romansh (ntau dua, hom lus) yog hais los ntawm ob peb lub ntiaj teb. Qee tus txawm xav tias, zoo li Latin, Romansh tuag, tab sis nws tsis yog. Nws yog ib qho ua tau kom kawm tau cov lus archaic no, tab sis ua ntej koj yuav tsum nkag siab lub ntsiab lus, vim qhov no tsis yog ib hom lus, tab sis tag nrho pawg.
Areal koom haum
Cov lus Loos yog ib pawg lus Romance. Lawv qhov kev faib tawm yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Gallo-Italian, yog li lawv tsis yog ib pawg neeg caj ces.
Cov lus Friulian siv nws lub npe los ntawm cheeb tsam Friuli hauv tebchaws Ltalis, qhov twg nws tau hais. Thaj chaw no nthuav dav sab qaum teb ntawm Venice mus rau ciam teb nrog Austria, thiab sab hnub tuaj mus rau ciam teb nrog Slovenia.
Ladin kuj muaj nyob rau sab qaum teb Ltalis, sab hnub tuaj ntawm Dolomites, hauv thaj av Alto Adige.
Romansh yog lus Swiss Romansh, uas tau muab faib rau hauv Rhine Valley thiab lub canton ntawm Graubünden.
Engadine dialect -kuj belongs rau pawg no. Nws tseem muaj nyob hauv Inn Valley hauv Switzerland.
Native hais lus
Txoj hmoo ntawm cov lus no nthuav. Friulian yog tus hais lus dav tshaj plaws tam sim no, nws tau hais los ntawm kwv yees li peb puas txhiab tus neeg. Tam sim no, tag nrho plaub yam lus tau raug lees paub raws li cov lus hauv tebchaws, tab sis Romansh tau txais cov xwm txheej tsis ntev los no (nws tau hais los ntawm ntau txhiab tus neeg thoob plaws ntiaj teb). Qhov ntawd yog, txawm tias lo lus Loos no tseem muaj sia nyob, tab sis hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv Swiss nws tsuas yog qhia hauv thaj chaw uas cov neeg hais lus ncaj qha nyob. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov neeg nyob hauv lub canton ntawm Graubünden yuav tsis mus faus lawv cov lus: qee cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv nws, kos npe thiab kos npe. Txawm lub xov tooj cua hauv canton yog Romansh.
Ib qho nthuav dav: Romansh (zoo li Friulian) muaj ob peb hom lus. Upper Engadinsky thiab Surselva yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Nrog ntau zaus ntawm ib xyoos, lawv hloov ib leeg ua hom lus hauv lub tebchaws.
In Latin
Archaic Romansh kuj muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav. Hom lus twg tuaj yeem tsim nws lub hauv paus? Tau kawg, Latin. Cov neeg Loos thaum ub tau kov yeej thaj av Alpine, nqa lawv cov lus nrog rau riam phom. Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw tsis tu ncua ntawm pab pawg neeg thiab ntau pua xyoo dhau los kuj tau pab txhawb, tab sis cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Graubünden tso dag hais tias yog ib tus neeg Roman legionnaires dheev rov qab los ntawm qhov tuag thiab thov kom ntim cov luam yeeb ntawm qhov ze tshaj plaws kiosk, lawv yuav nkag siab nws..
In the 8th-9th centuriesSwiss Romansh yog nyob rau hauv hnyav German siab raws li tom kawg tau muab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tswj hwm lus. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv txhais lus ntawm kev ntseeg tau luam tawm ua lus Loos, feem ntau yog kev txhais lus los ntawm Latin. Cov lus "peasant" archaic ruaj khov nyob rau yuav luag kaum xyoo pua, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub canton ntawm Grisons hu ua lo lus Romansh lawv niam tus nplaig.
Lub xyoo pua no tau hais tias tau raug kev txom nyem loj tshaj plaws, nrog kev poob haujlwm nce mus txog qhov txwv thiab kev txhim kho txoj kev ua rau ntau tus neeg hais lus tawm hauv lub canton. Txhawm rau nrhiav txoj haujlwm zoo hauv qhov chaw tshiab, lawv yuav tsum hais lus German.
Tom qab ib ntus, cov neeg sau ntawv hauv zos thiab cov zej zog kev coj noj coj ua suab nrov nrov: cov lus tau raug kev phom sij ntawm kev ploj mus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev vam meej tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub canton xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw, cov lus Romansh nyob rau hauv Switzerland tau nce mus rau cov xwm txheej ntawm lub teb chaws hom lus, tab sis qhov no tshwm sim tsis ntev los no - nyob rau hauv 1938.
Friuli
Cov lus Loos uas hais tau dav tshaj plaws yog Friulian. Txawm hais tias niaj hnub linguists tsis sib cav txog nws txoj kev sib raug zoo rau pawg lus Romance thiab nyiam xav tias nws yog ib hom lus sib txawv. Tseem tsis tau muaj kev pom zoo rau qhov teeb meem no.
Friulian yog nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev hwm ze rau cov lus ntawm sab qaum teb Ltalis, tab sis tsis nyob ze txaus los txiav txim siab cuam tshuam. Nws tseem suav nrog hauv pab pawg "rhetoromancers", txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb hu qhov kev faib tawm nohnub yug me ntsis.
Nyob rau hauv Friulian, ib tug diphthong yog khaws cia, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv feature yog lub stunning ntawm voiced consonants ntawm qhov kawg ntawm ib lo lus. Kuj tseem muaj qhov tshwj xeeb hauv cov qauv sau ntawv: ob hom kev tsim ntau ntau thiab kev siv tshwj xeeb inflection thaum tsim cov kab lus nrog cov lus nug.
Kev sib sau ntawm hom lus
Txawm hais tias cov lus ntawm pawg Romansh muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws, lawv tau ua raws li kev sib koom ua ke hauv ib pawg tsis ntev dhau los. Qhov no tau ua los ntawm Italian linguist G. Ascoli hauv xyoo 1873. Nws tau tshuaj xyuas kom meej cov lus nug ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov lus hu ua "Ladin dialects", uas yog, Loos, Ladin thiab Friulian cov lus, tab sis nws kuj tau sau tseg txog kev sib cais ntawm yav tom ntej. Lo lus "Romansh" nws tus kheej tau qhia los ntawm German novelist T. Gartner kaum xyoo tom qab luam tawm Ascoli txoj haujlwm.
Ntxiv rau cov npe niaj hnub no hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus hais, xws li "Alpine Romance", "Reto-Ladin", "Reto-Friulian" tau siv, thiab tag nrho cov pab pawg hauv qee yam haujlwm (piv txwv li, H. Schneller) tau hu ua Friulo-Ladino- Kurval lus union.
Tsis yog Ascoli lossis Gartner "ua haujlwm" suav nrog Friulian hauv pab pawg lus Loos, tab sis vim qee yam, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm hom lus Romance pib xav tias nws yog ib feem ntawm thaj chaw Ladin.
Yuav kawm Romansh
Ntawm no yog hom lus tsis tshua muaj, yog li nrhiav tus kws qhia ntawv hauv cov chaw hais lustuaj yeem nyuaj (lossis kim), tab sis tsis txhob poob siab - txhua yam koj xav tau tuaj yeem pom hauv Is Taws Nem. Thawj qhov koj xav tau yog phau ntawv sau lus. Kev paub txhua yam lus yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los pib nrog kev nkag siab nws cov qauv. Qhov teeb meem ntawm no yuav yog cov phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv txhais lus feem ntau kuj yog lus txawv teb chaws: German, Fabkis, Italian. Nws yuav yooj yim dua los daws cov lus no rau cov neeg uas hais lus Latin.
Cov neeg hais lus ib txwm muaj tsawg, tab sis lawv muaj. Yog li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem kawm cov lus hauv cheeb tsam ntawm nws qhov kev faib tawm. Yog tias qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, nws tsim nyog sim nrhiav tus neeg nqa khoom hauv kev sib tham video rau cov neeg uas tab tom nrhiav tus interlocutor tham ua lus txawv teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuj muaj cov ntawv tseeb hauv Romansh; Cov no yog cov ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub qub, piv txwv li, Aesop cov lus dab neeg. Kev nyeem ntawv tsis tsuas yog pab kom kawm tau cov lus sai, tab sis kuj ua rau cov txheej txheem nthuav.
