Silicon: daim ntawv thov, tshuaj thiab lub cev muaj zog

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus feem ntau hauv cov xwm txheej yog silicium, lossis silicon. Xws li kev faib dav dav hais txog qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom no. Qhov no tau nkag siab sai thiab tau txais los ntawm cov neeg uas kawm paub siv silicon kom zoo rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj. Nws daim ntawv thov yog raws li cov khoom tshwj xeeb, uas peb yuav tham txog tom qab.

Silicon yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg

Yog tias peb qhia lub ntsiab lus los ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm, peb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qab no:

Ordinal number - 14.
Lub sijhawm yog qhov thib peb me me.
Group - IV.
Subgroup - main.
Cov qauv ntawm lub plhaub sab nraud yog qhia los ntawm cov qauv 3s ²3p².
Lub caij silicon yog qhia los ntawm cov cim tshuaj Si, uas yog pronounced "silicium".
Cov oxidation hais tias nws nthuav tawm: -4; +2; +4.
Lub valency ntawm ib lub atom yog IV.
Lub atomic loj ntawm silicon yog 28.086.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj peb lub isotopes ruaj khov ntawm lub caij no nrog cov lej 28, 29 thiab 30.

Yog li lub atomLos ntawm kev pom tshuaj lom neeg, silicon yog ib qho kev kawm zoo, ntau yam ntawm nws cov khoom tau piav qhia.

Discovery keeb kwm

Vim nws yog ntau lub tebchaw ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab uas yog nrov heev thiab loj heev nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov xwm, los ntawm ancient sij hawm tib neeg siv thiab paub txog cov khoom ntawm ntau ntawm lawv. Ntshiab silicon tau ntev dhau los ntawm tib neeg kev paub hauv chemistry.

Cov khoom siv nrov tshaj plaws siv hauv lub neej niaj hnub thiab kev lag luam los ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub (Egyptians, Loos, Suav, Russians, Persians thiab lwm tus) yog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj raws li silicon oxide. Cov no suav nrog:

opal;
rhinestone;
topaz;
chrysoprase;
onyx;
chalcedony thiab lwm tus.

Nws kuj tau ua kev cai siv quartz thiab quartz xuab zeb hauv kev tsim kho txij thaum ub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem silicon nws tus kheej tseem tsis tau tshawb pom txog thaum xyoo pua 19th, txawm hais tias ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau sim tsis muaj dab tsi los cais nws los ntawm ntau lub tebchaw, siv cov catalysts, kub kub, thiab txawm tias hluav taws xob tam sim no. Cov no yog lub siab zoo li:

Karl Scheele;
Gay-Lussac;
Tenar;
Humphry Davy;
Antoine Lavoisier.

Jens Jacobs Berzelius tau tswj kom tau txais cov ntshiab silicon hauv xyoo 1823. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws tau ua ib qho kev sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov vapors ntawm silicon fluoride thiab hlau poov tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txais kev hloov kho amorphous ntawm lub ntsiab lus nug. Tib tus kws tshawb fawb tau thov ib lub npe Latin rau qhov pom atom.

Ib me ntsis tom qab, xyoo 1855, lwm tus kws tshawb fawb - Saint Clair-Deville - tau tswj hwm los ua ke lwm hom allotropic - crystalline silicon. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev paub txog lub caij no thiab nws cov khoom pib loj hlob sai heev. Cov neeg pom tau hais tias nws muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo heev los ua kom tau raws li lawv cov kev xav tau. Yog li no, niaj hnub no ib qho ntawm cov khoom xav tau tshaj plaws hauv electronics thiab technology yog silicon. Nws siv tsuas yog nthuav nws thaj tsam txhua xyoo.

Lavxias lub npe rau lub atom tau muab los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Hess hauv xyoo 1831. Nov yog yam uas tau daig rau hnub no.

muaj nyob hauv xwm

Silicon yog qhov thib ob tshaj plaws hauv cov xwm txheej tom qab oxygen. Nws cov feem pua ntawm kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov atoms hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust yog 29.5%. Tsis tas li ntawd, carbon thiab silicon yog ob yam tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem tsim cov saw hlau los ntawm kev sib txuas. Tias yog vim li cas muaj ntau tshaj 400 yam ntuj minerals paub rau yav tom ntej, nyob rau hauv uas nws muaj nyob rau hauv lithosphere, hydrosphere thiab biomass.

Silicon pom nyob qhov twg?

Nyob hauv cov av tob.
Nyob rau hauv pob zeb, deposits thiab massifs.
Nyob hauv qab ntawm lub cev dej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv.
Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab marine lub neej ntawm lub nceeg vaj tsiaj.
Nyob hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu.

Nws tuaj yeem xaiv ntau yam ntawm cov ntxhia thiab pob zeb, uas muaj ntau ntawmsilicon. Lawv cov chemistry yog xws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntshiab hauv lawv mus txog 75%. Txawm li cas los xij, daim duab tshwj xeeb nyob ntawm hom khoom siv. Yog li, pob zeb thiab cov zaub mov uas muaj silicon:

feldspars;
mica;
amphiboles;
opals;
chalcedony;
silicates;
sandstones;
aluminosilicates;
av nplaum thiab lwm yam.

Sib sau ua ke hauv cov plhaub thiab cov pob txha sab nraud ntawm cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv, silicon nws thiaj li tsim cov khoom muaj zog ntawm silica nyob hauv qab ntawm cov dej. Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim.

Ntxiv rau, nws tau pom tias silicium tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv - hauv daim ntawv muaju. Tab sis xws li deposits yog tsawg heev.

Lub cev muaj zog ntawm silicon

Yog tias koj tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub hauv paus kev txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, ces ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog lub cev tsis zoo uas yuav tsum tau qhia. Nov yog qee qhov tseem ceeb:

Muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob qho kev hloov pauv allotropic - amorphous thiab crystalline, uas txawv ntawm txhua yam khoom.
Cov iav siv lead ua zoo ib yam li pob zeb diamond, vim tias carbon thiab silicon yuav luag tib yam ntawm qhov kev hwm no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov atoms txawv (silicon muaj ntau dua), yog li lub pob zeb diamond yog qhov nyuaj thiab muaj zog dua. Lattice type - cubic face-centered.
Cov khoom yog nkig heev, ua yas ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
melting point yog 1415˚C.
Kubboiling point - 3250˚С.
Density of matter - 2.33 g/cm³.
Cov xim ntawm kev sib txuas yog nyiaj-grey, nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj.
Muaj cov khoom zoo semiconductor, uas tuaj yeem sib txawv nrog kev sib ntxiv ntawm qee tus neeg sawv cev.
Insoluble hauv dej, organic solvents thiab acids.
Tshwj xeeb soluble hauv alkalis.

Tsim lub cev lub cev ntawm silicon tso cai rau tib neeg los tswj nws thiab siv nws los tsim ntau yam khoom. Piv txwv li, kev siv cov ntshiab silicon hauv electronics yog raws li cov khoom ntawm semiconductivity.

tshuaj muaj zog

Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm silicon yog nyob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog hais tias peb tham txog ib yam khoom ntshiab ntawm tus qauv tsis, ces peb yuav tsum tau xaiv ib qho kev ua haujlwm tsawg heev. Ob leeg crystalline thiab amorphous silicon yog inert heev. Tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj oxidizing muaj zog (tshwj tsis yog cov tshuaj fluorine), lossis nrog cov tshuaj txo qis.

Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias ib tug oxide zaj duab xis SiO₂ yog instantly tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom, uas tiv thaiv kev sib cuam tshuam ntxiv. Nws tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm dej, huab cua, vapors.

Yog tias koj hloov cov qauv txheej txheem thiab cua sov silicon rau qhov kub siab tshaj 400˚С, ces nws cov tshuaj lom neeg yuav nce ntxiv. Hauv qhov no, nws yuav teb nrog:

oxygen;
txhua yam halogens;
hydrogen.

Nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias ntxiv, kev tsim cov khoom tuaj yeem ua tau ntawmKev sib cuam tshuam nrog boron, nitrogen thiab carbon. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog carborundum - SiC, vim nws yog cov khoom siv zoo abrasive.

Tsis tas li, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm silicon tau pom meej hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hlau. Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lawv, nws yog ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev, yog li cov khoom yog hu ua silicides. Cov tebchaw zoo sib xws yog paub rau:

alkaline;
alkaline ntiaj teb;
kev hloov pauv hlau.

Cov khoom tsis zoo muaj cov khoom sib xyaw tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw hlau thiab silicon. Nws yog hu ua ferrosilicon ceramic thiab tau ntse siv hauv kev lag luam.

Silicon tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj complex, yog li, ntawm tag nrho lawv cov ntau yam, nws tsuas yog yaj hauv:

Royal vodka (ib qho sib xyaw ntawm nitric thiab hydrochloric acids);
caustic alkalis.

Hauv qhov no, qhov kub ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 60˚С. Tag nrho cov no ib zaug ntxiv lees paub lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev ntawm cov khoom - pob zeb diamond zoo li ruaj khov siv lead ua lattice, uas muab nws lub zog thiab inertness.

Txoj kev tau txais

Tau txais cov ntshiab silicon yog ib qho kev ua lag luam kim heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim nws cov khoom, txhua txoj kev tsuas yog 90-99% cov khoom ntshiab, thaum impurities nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlau thiab carbon tseem zoo ib yam. Yog li tsuas yog tau txais cov khoom tsis txaus. Nws kuj yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws.

Feem ntau, kev tsim cov silicon yog ua los ntawm ob txoj hauv kev:

Los ntawm cov xuab zeb dawbuas yog ntshiab silicon oxide SiO₂. Thaum nws yog calcined nrog active hlau (feem ntau nrog magnesium), ib tug dawb keeb yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev hloov kho amorphous. Lub purity ntawm txoj kev no yog siab, cov khoom yog tau nrog ib tug 99.9 feem pua yield.
Ib txoj hauv kev ntau dua ntawm kev lag luam nplai yog sintering ntawm cov xuab zeb molten nrog coke hauv cov thermal kilns tshwj xeeb. Txoj kev no tau tsim los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias Beketov N. N.

Kev ua tiav ntxiv yog ua raws cov khoom lag luam rau kev ntxuav. Rau qhov no, cov kua qaub lossis halogens (chlorine, fluorine) tau siv.

Amorphous silicon

Tus cwj pwm ntawm silicon yuav ua tsis tiav yog tias peb tsis txiav txim siab cais txhua qhov ntawm nws cov kev hloov pauv allotropic. Thawj qhov yog amorphous. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, cov khoom peb tab tom txiav txim siab yog xim av-xim av hmoov, finely dispersed. Nws muaj qib siab ntawm hygroscopicity, nthuav tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg txaus txaus thaum cua sov. Raws li cov txheej txheem, nws tsuas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing uas muaj zog tshaj plaws - fluorine.

Nws tsis yog tag nrho hu rau amorphous silicon ntau yam crystalline silicon. Nws cov lattice qhia tau hais tias cov khoom no tsuas yog ib daim ntawv ntawm silicon finely dispersed uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm crystals. Yog li ntawd, xws li, cov kev hloov kho no yog tib qho chaw.

Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov khoom sib txawv, yog li nws yog ib txwm hais txog allotropy. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, amorphous silicon muajsiab lub teeb absorption muaj peev xwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, qhov ntsuas no yog ob peb lub sij hawm siab tshaj ntawm cov crystalline daim ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog siv rau technical lub hom phiaj. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv txiav txim siab (hmoov), cov compound tau yooj yim siv rau txhua qhov chaw, tsis yog yas lossis iav. Yog li ntawd, nws yog amorphous silicon uas yooj yim heev rau kev siv. Daim ntawv thov yog raws li kev tsim cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg.

Txawm hais tias hnav cov roj teeb hom no yog qhov nrawm heev, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab nyias ntawm cov khoom, txawm li cas los xij, kev siv thiab kev thov tsuas yog loj hlob. Tseeb, txawm nyob rau hauv lub neej luv luv, lub hnub ci hlwb raws li amorphous silicon muaj peev xwm muab lub zog rau tag nrho cov lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim cov khoom zoo li no tsis muaj pov tseg, uas ua rau nws pheej yig heev.

Tau txais qhov kev hloov kho no los ntawm kev txo cov tebchaw nrog cov hlau nquag, xws li sodium lossis magnesium.

YCrystal silicon

Nyiaj grey ci ci hloov kho ntawm lub caij hauv nqe lus nug. Nws yog daim ntawv no uas yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau xav tau. Qhov no yog vim cov txheej txheem zoo uas cov khoom no muaj.

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm silicon nrog cov iav siv lead ua muaj xws li kev faib tawm ntawm nws hom, vim muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv:

Hluav taws xob zoo - qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yog hom no uas yog siv hauv hluav taws xob los tsim cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb.
Sunny quality. Lub npe nws tus kheejtxhais thaj tsam ntawm kev siv. Nws kuj yog ib qho zoo-purity silicon, uas yog tsim nyog los tsim high-zoo thiab ntev lub hnub ci hlwb. Photovoltaic converters tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug crystalline qauv yog cov zoo dua thiab ntau check dua cov tsim siv ib tug amorphous hloov kho los ntawm deposition ntawm ntau yam substrates.
Technical silicon. Qhov ntau yam no suav nrog cov qauv ntawm cov khoom uas muaj txog 98% ntawm cov khoom ntshiab. Txhua yam mus rau ntau yam impurities:

boron;
aluminium;
chlorine;
carbon;
phosphorus thiab lwm yam.

Cov khoom kawg ntawm cov lus nug yog siv kom tau txais silicon polycrystals. Rau qhov no, cov txheej txheem recrystallization yog nqa tawm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm purity, cov khoom yog tau txais los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm hnub ci thiab hluav taws xob zoo.

Los ntawm qhov xwm txheej, polysilicon yog cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm amorphous thiab crystalline. Qhov kev xaiv no yooj yim dua rau kev ua haujlwm nrog, nws zoo dua rov siv dua thiab ntxuav nrog fluorine thiab chlorine.

Cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem faib raws li hauv qab no:

multicilicon;
monocrystalline;
profiles crystals;
silicon seem;
technical silicon;
khoom pov tseg hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab cov khoom seem.

Txhua tus ntawm lawv pom daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam thiab sivib tug neeg kiag li. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntau lawm uas muaj cov silicon raug suav hais tias tsis muaj pov tseg. Qhov no txo qis nws cov nqi kev lag luam yam tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo.

Siv ntshiab silicon

Silicon ntau lawm hauv kev lag luam yog tsim tau zoo, thiab nws cov nplai yog voluminous. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub caij no, ob qho tib si ntshiab thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau yam compounds, yog dav thiab nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv ntau yam ceg ntawm science thiab technology.

Cov ntshiab crystalline thiab amorphous silicon siv nyob qhov twg?

Hauv metallurgy raws li cov khoom siv alloying muaj peev xwm hloov pauv cov khoom ntawm cov hlau thiab lawv cov alloys. Yog li, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv smelting ntawm hlau thiab hlau.
Ntau hom tshuaj siv los ua kom huv dua - polysilicon.
Cov khoom ntawm silicon nrog cov tshuaj organic - qhov no yog tag nrho cov tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam uas tau txais kev nyiam tshwj xeeb niaj hnub no. Cov ntaub ntawv silicone yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj, hauv kev tsim cov tais diav, cov cuab yeej thiab ntau ntxiv.
Kev tsim ntau yam hnub ci vaj huam sib luag. Txoj kev tau txais lub zog no yog ib qho kev cog lus zoo tshaj plaws rau yav tom ntej. Ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg, tus nqi-zoo thiab ruaj khov - qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Silicon tau siv rau hauv lub teeb rau lub sijhawm ntev heev. Txawm nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, tib neeg siv flint los tsim ib lub txim thaum teeb taws. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov lighters ntawm ntau yam. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau hom nyob rau hauv uaslub flint yog hloov nrog ib tug alloy ntawm ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas muab ib tug txawm sai tshwm sim (sparking).
hluav taws xob thiab hnub ci zog.
Kev tsim cov iav hauv cov khoom siv roj laser.

Yog li, silicon ntshiab muaj ntau qhov zoo thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau nws siv los tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm silicon compounds

Ntxiv rau cov khoom siv yooj yim, ntau yam silicon tebchaw kuj siv, thiab dav heev. Muaj tag nrho cov ceg ntawm kev lag luam hu ua silicate. Nws yog nws uas yog raws li kev siv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj, uas muaj xws li no amazing caij. Cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi thiab lawv tsim dab tsi?

Quartz, los yog dej xuab zeb - SiO₂. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov tsev thiab cov khoom siv zoo nkauj xws li cov cement thiab iav. Qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv no siv, txhua leej txhua tus paub. Tsis muaj kev tsim kho tiav yam tsis muaj cov khoom siv no, uas lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv silicon.
Silicate ceramics, uas suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv xws li faience, porcelain, cib thiab cov khoom raws li lawv. Cov khoom no yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj, hauv kev tsim cov tais diav, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, hauv kev tsim kho thiab lwm yam hauv tsev neeg ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm.

YSilicone compounds - silicones, silica gels, silicone roj.

Silicate kua nplaum - siv los ua cov ntawv sau, hauv pyrotechnics thiab kev tsim kho.

Silicon, tus nqi sib txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam, tab sis tsis hlalos ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, lub cim ntawm 100 rubles ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation ib kilogram (ib crystalline), yog ib tug nrhiav-tom qab thiab muaj txiaj ntsim khoom. Lawm, cov tebchaw ntawm cov khoom no kuj muaj dav thiab siv tau.

Lub luag haujlwm lom ntawm silicon

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau lub cev, silicon tseem ceeb. Nws cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntaub so ntswg faib yog raws li nram no:

0, 002% - leeg;
0, 000017% - pob txha;
blood - 3.9 mg/l.

Txhua hnub, txog ib gram ntawm silicon yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv, txwv tsis pub cov kab mob yuav pib tsim. Tsis muaj kev tuag ntawm lawv, txawm li cas los xij, kev tshaib plab ntev ntev ua rau:

hair poob;
pom pob txuv thiab pob ntxau;
fragility thiab fragility ntawm cov pob txha;
easy capillary permeability;
qaug zog thiab mob taub hau;
cov tsos ntawm ntau bruises thiab bruises.

Rau cov nroj tsuag, silicon yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kab uas tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Kev sim tsiaj tau pom tias cov tib neeg uas haus cov silicon txaus txhua hnub loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws.