Hyaluronic acid yog ib yam khoom ntawm tsiaj keeb kwm, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv tshuaj thiab cosmetology. Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj no tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg lub cev tau cog lus rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tiam tshiab. Cov tshuaj no tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm embryogenesis, kev faib tawm ntawm tes, lawv qhov sib txawv thiab kev txav mus los thaum lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Discovery keeb kwm thiab cov ntsiab lus
Hyaluronic acid raws li cov qauv hais txog glycosaminoglycans, cov molecules uas muaj cov rov ua haujlwm uas tsis muaj sulfate pawg. Thawj thawj zaug no lub siab molecular hnyav compound tau cais tawm ntawm lub cev vitreous ntawm nyuj. Thaum xub thawj, cov kws tshawb fawb xav tias cov khoom no tsuas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv xyoo 1937 qhov no tau lees paub - nws tau txais los ntawm cov kua nruab nrab uas hemolytic streptococcus tau cog qoob loo. Nyob rau hauv 1954, nyob rau hauv British general scientific phau ntawv journal Nature, nws yog thawj zaug luam tawmCov qauv qauv ntawm hyaluronic acid.
Lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj muaj feem xyuam nrog keeb kwm ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom (eng. "hyaloid" - vitreous, "uronic acid" - uronic acid). Nyob rau hauv thoob ntiaj teb tshuaj terminology, kuj muaj lub npe "hyaluronan", uas combines cov kua qaub thiab nws cov ntsev. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm hyaluronic acid yog: C₂₈H₄₄N₂O₂₃.
Tam sim no, ntau yam ntawm nws daim ntawv thov yog dav heev: tshuaj, cosmetology, chaw muag tshuaj. Hyaluronic acid yog siv los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab pabcuam. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, pom nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, muaj kev cia siab zoo rau kev siv yav tom ntej, yog li qhov kev thov rau biopolymer no tau loj hlob tas li.
Kev tsim kho
Hyaluronic acid formula yog ib qho anionic polysaccharide. Molecules yog txuas nrog ntev linear chains. Lwm yam tshuaj - qabzib aminoglycans - muaj ntau pawg sulfated. Qhov no piav qhia txog kev tsim ntawm ntau yam isomers - cov tebchaw uas sib txawv hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov atoms. Lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg kuj txawv. Hyaluronic acid, tsis zoo li glycosaminoglycans, yeej ib txwm tshuaj zoo tib yam. Nws cov khoom tsis nyob ntawm txoj kev tau txais thiab hom khoom siv.
Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hyaluronic acid suav nrog D-glucuronic acid thiab N-acetyl-D-glycosamine, uas yog sib cuam tshuam los ntawm beta-glycosidic daim ntawv cog lus thiab tsim nws cov disaccharide units (glucopyranose rings muaj qhov hnyav molecular txog 450 Da). Lawv tus lej hauv cov molecules ntawm qhov sib xyaw no tuaj yeem ncav cuag 25,000. Vim li no, cov kua qaub muaj qhov hnyav molecular (5,000-20,000,000 Da).
Cov qauv qauv ntawm cov disaccharide fragment ntawm hyaluronic acid yog qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Cov kua qaub muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic thaj chaw, vim qhov no high-molecular compound nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zoo li ib tug twisted ribbon. Kev sib xyaw ntawm ob peb chains tsim ib lub pob ntawm cov qauv xoob. Lub peev xwm los khi thiab tuav txog 1000 dej molecules yog lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm hyaluronic acid mis. Lub biochemistry ntawm cov tshuaj no feem ntau yog vim nws cov hygroscopicity siab, uas ua kom cov ntaub so ntswg saturation nrog dej thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm sab hauv ntim.
tshuaj muaj zog
Hyaluronic acid muaj cov yam ntxwv tshuaj hauv qab no:
- tsim muaj ntau tus lej ntawm hydrogen bonds;
- tsim cov kua qaub ntawm qhov nruab nrab hauv cov tshuaj aqueous vim muaj cov deprotonated carboxyl pawg;
- tsim cov ntsev soluble nrog alkali hlau;
- tsim nyob rau hauv cov kua dej ntawm cov qauv gel muaj zog (pseudogel) uas muaj cov dej noo tseem ceeb (cov protein ntau feem ntau precipitate);
- tsim ntawm insoluble complexes nrog hnyav hlau thiab dyes.
Outwardly, aqueous daws ntawm ib yam khoom zoo li qe dawb nyob rau hauv sib xws. Cov qauv qauv ntawm hyaluronic acid tso cai rau koj nojnws muaj ntau hom ntawv, nyob ntawm qhov chaw ionic ntawm qhov nruab nrab:
- left ib leeg helix;
- multifilament tiaj tus qauv;
- ob helix;
- supercoiled cov qauv nrog lub network ntom ntom.
Daim ntawv kawg yog tertiary thiab muaj peev xwm nqus tau dej ntau, electrolytes, siab molecular hnyav proteins.
Qhov txawv ntawm hyaluronic acid ntawm ntau lub hauv paus chiv keeb
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov qauv ntawm cov khoom no zoo sib xws, tsis hais qhov twg ntawm nws cov khoom. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kua qaub ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov tsiaj keeb kwm yog qib ntawm lawv cov polymerization. Tsiaj los ntawm hyaluronic acid mis yog ntev dua cov kab mob (4,000-6,000 thiab 10,000-15,000 monomers feem).
Kev solubility hauv dej rau cov tshuaj no yog tib yam thiab nyob ntawm qhov muaj cov hydroxyl thiab ntsev pawg hauv disaccharide residues. Txij li cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov kua qaub yog qhov zoo sib xws hauv txhua tus neeg muaj sia nyob, qhov no txo qis qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo thiab tsis lees paub thaum muab rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu.
Role in nature
Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm hyaluronic acid yog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm intercellular (los yog extracellular) matrix ntawm mammalian cov ntaub so ntswg. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb pom, nws kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj ntsiav ntawm qee cov kab mob - streptococci, staphylococci thiab lwm yam kab mob parasitic. Lub synthesis ntawm cov compound kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm invertebrate tsiaj (protozoa,arthropods, echinoderms, cua nab).
Cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias lub peev xwm tsim cov hyaluronic acid hauv cov kab mob tau hloov zuj zus los ua kom lawv cov khoom muaj kab mob hauv lub cev. Vim nws muaj, cov kab mob tuaj yeem nkag mus tau yooj yim ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab colonize nws. Cov kab mob cab no muaj peev xwm ua rau tus tswv tsev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem inflammatory ntau dua li lwm hom kab mob microbes.
Hyaluronic acid yog tsim los ntawm cov proteins uas tau muab tso rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm tes los yog daim nyias nyias ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog sau tseg nyob rau hauv cov kua uas ua rau cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov pob qij txha, nyob rau hauv lub umbilical qaum, lub vitreous lub cev ntawm lub qhov muag thiab daim tawv nqaij.
YMetabolism
Lub synthesis ntawm hyaluronic acid tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm enzymatic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv 3 theem:
- Glucose-6-phosphate - glucose-1-phosphate (phosphorylated qabzib) - UDP-glucose - glucuronic acid.
- Amino qab zib - glucosamine-6-phosphate - N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate - UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate.
- Glycoside transferase cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cuam tshuam nrog enzyme hyaluronate synthetase.
Kwv yees li 5 g ntawm cov khoom no yog tsim thiab tawg hauv tib neeg lub cev ib hnub. Tag nrho cov kua qaub yog kwv yees li xya txhiab feem pua ntawm qhov hnyav. Hauv vertebrates, acid synthesis tshwm sim los ntawm 3 hom enzymes proteins (hyaluronate synthetases). Lawv yog cov metalloproteins tsim los ntawm cov hlau cations thiab glucoside phosphates. Hyaluronate synthetases yog cov enzymes nkaus xwbcatalyzing zus tau tej cov acid.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm C₂₈H₄₄N₂O₂₃ molecules tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hyaluronan-lytic enzymes. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, muaj tsawg kawg yog xya ntawm lawv, thiab ib txhia ntawm lawv suppress cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qog tsim. Cov khoom tawg ntawm hyaluronic acid yog oligo- thiab polysaccharides, uas txhawb kev tsim cov hlab ntsha tshiab.
Kev ua haujlwm hauv tib neeg lub cev
Collagen thiab hyaluronic acid nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg cov tawv nqaij yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas lub elasticity thiab smoothness ntawm lub dermis nyob ntawm seb. C₂₈H₄₄N₂O₂₃ ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- khaws cia dej, uas ua kom cov tawv nqaij elasticity thiab nws turgor;
- tsim qhov xav tau qib ntawm viscosity ntawm cov kua nruab nrab;
- kev koom tes hauv kev tsim tawm ntawm lub ntsiab thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov epidermis;
- txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kho cov tawv nqaij puas;
- Deaminglemlen fibers;
- kev tiv thaiv hauv zos;
- tiv thaiv cov dawb radicals, tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj no yog pom nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub embryo. Nrog rau kev laus, feem ntau ntawm cov kua qaub khi rau cov proteins, uas txo cov qib ntawm hydration ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Lub peev xwm los tswj tus kheej cov metabolism yog qhov tshwj xeeb txo qis hauv cov neeg tshaj 50.
Cov khoom nram qab no ntawm hyaluronic acid hauv cov kua dej synovial kuj tau txiav txim siab:
- formationhomogeneous qauv los tuav ib feem ntawm pob txha mos - chondroitin sulfate;
- ntxiv dag zog rau cov txheej txheem collagen ntawm pob txha mos;
- muab lubrication ntawm qhov txav ntawm cov pob qij txha, txo lawv cov hnav.
Lub luag haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov kua qaub molecules txawv nyob ntawm lawv qhov hnyav molecular. Yog li, cov tebchaw uas muaj txog li 1500 monomers muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab koom nrog hauv kev tsim kho ntawm collagen network. Polymers nrog cov saw hlau txog li 2000 monomers ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tswj hwm hydrobalance, thiab cov tebchaw siab molecular muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws antioxidant.
Hyaluronic acid kuj tseem koom nrog hauv kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub embryo, hauv kev tswj kev txav ntawm tes - cell tsiv teb tsaws ntawm ib qho chaw mus rau lwm qhov, hauv qee qhov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov cell receptors.
Tau txais
Muaj 2 pawg tseem ceeb ntawm txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov khoom:
- Physico-chemical (rho tawm los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, vertebrates thiab noog). Txij li thaum tsiaj raw cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau muaj cov kua qaub ua ke nrog cov proteins thiab lwm yam polysaccharides, yuav tsum tau ua kom huv huv ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm, uas cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj zaum kawg. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov kua qaub ntawm kev lag luam, txoj hlua khi ntawm cov menyuam yug tshiab thiab cov combs ntawm cov qaib hauv tsev yog siv. Muaj lwm txoj kev ntawm kev rho tawm - los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm nyuj, cov kua dej uas ua rau cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov pob qij txha thiab cov hnab articular; ntshav plasma,pob txha mos, npua.
- Txoj kev Microbial raws li kab mob kab mob. Cov neeg tsim khoom tseem ceeb yog cov kab mob Pasteurellamultocida thiab Streptococcus. Cov txheej txheem no tau sim thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1953. Lawv tau siv nyiaj ntau dua thiab tsis nyob ntawm cov khoom siv raws caij nyoog ntawm cov khoom siv raw.
Hauv thawj kis, cov ntaub ntawv lom neeg raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab homogenization, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kua qaub tau muab rho tawm hauv qhov sib xyaw nrog peptides los ntawm kev raug rau cov kuab tshuaj organic. Lub resulting loj yog kho nrog enzymes los yog proteins yog tshem tawm los ntawm denaturation nrog chloroform los yog ib tug sib tov ntawm ethanol thiab amyl cawv. Tom qab ntawd, cov tshuaj yog concentrated rau activated carbon. Kev ua kom huv zaum kawg yog ua los ntawm ion txauv chromatography lossis nag lossis daus nrog cetylpyridinium chloride.
siv kho mob
Hyaluronic acid yog siv rau cov kab mob hauv qab no:
- tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob cataract; siv raws li qhov chaw phais thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm;
- orthopedics - osteoarthritis, tiv thaiv pob txha pob txha los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa nws txoj kev rov qab los (synovial kua endoprostheses);
- phais - cov ntaub so ntswg augmentation, kev ua haujlwm nrog pob txha mos excision;
- pharmaceuticals - kev tsim cov tshuaj raws li cov qauv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw (cov ntsiav tshuaj, tshuaj ntsiav, tshuaj pleev, gels, tshuaj pleev);
- kev lag luam khoom noj - khoom noj khoom haus kis las;
- gynecology - antiadhesionnyiaj;
- dermatology - kho qhov kub hnyiab, post-thrombotic trophic daim tawv nqaij mob.
Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb kwv yees, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua lub hauv paus rau pab pawg tshiab ntawm cov tshuaj kho mob qog noj ntshav.
Lwm cov khoom ntawm cov kua qaub kuj tau cog lus:
- tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob herpes thiab lwm yam);
- txhim kho cov ntshav microcirculation;
- Yanti-inflammatory effect;
- ua haujlwm ntev (kev ua kom sai sai hauv tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg).
Vitamins Vitamins
Hyaluronic acid nyob rau hauv cov vitamins yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm purified sodium hyaluronate, uas yog nws analogue. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom yog khaws cia cov hluas ntawm daim tawv nqaij, moisturize nws, thiab kho qhov txhab. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev nqus, ascorbic acid yog nkag mus rau hauv cov vitamin complexes.
Kev tshawb fawb tseem tab tom tsim los tsim tshuaj thiab kev noj zaub mov nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kab mob uas tuaj yeem siv tau rau ntau thaj chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm.
Cosmetology
Nyob rau hauv cosmetology, cov tshuaj no yog siv los kho cov hnub nyoog txog kev hloov pauv. Vim lub fact tias cov qauv ntawm cov kua qaub yog zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab mob nyob, nws yog haum rau siv raws li ib tug dermal muab tub lim (txhaj tshuaj), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub qhov muag. Yuav kom cov khoom nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub epidermis ntev, nws yog hloov nrog kev pab los ntawm cross-link molecules.(crosslinkers). Kev sib txuas sib txuas sib txawv ntawm ib leeg ntawm cov gel viscosity, acid concentration, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm resorption hauv daim tawv nqaij.
Kev txhaj tshuaj yog muab tso rau hauv- lossis subcutaneously hauv daim ntawv ntawm 1-3% aqueous tov. Qhov no pab ua kom cov elasticity thiab firmness ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, ib tug pom smoothing ntawm wrinkles.
C₂₈H₄₄N₂O₂₃ kuj tseem ntxiv rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce sab nraud - gels, foams, cream thiab lwm yam khoom siv yooj yim. Hyaluronic acid nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog hu ua hyaluronic acid (thiab sodium hyaluronate yog sodium hyaluronate). Cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce no muaj cov khoom zoo ib yam li cov fillers - nws tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm wrinkles, pob txuv, thiab pab kom saturate daim tawv nqaij nrog noo noo.
