Hydrogen sulfide yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm magma. Actively interacting nrog hlau, nws tsim ntau lub tebchaw. Derivatives ntawm hydrogen sulfide yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust los ntawm ntau tshaj 200 minerals - sulfides, uas, tsis yog pob zeb-forming, feem ntau nrog rau tej pob zeb, yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb raw cov ntaub ntawv. Hauv qab no peb yuav xav txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm sulfides thiab cov tebchaw nyob ze rau lawv, thiab tseem ua tib zoo saib xyuas thaj chaw ntawm lawv siv.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib xyaw thiab cov qauv
Ntau tshaj 40 lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm lub sijhawm (feem ntau yog cov hlau) tsim cov sib txuas nrog cov sulfur. Qee zaum, es tsis txhob ntawm nws, arsenic, antimony, selenium, bismuth los yog tellurium muaj nyob rau hauv cov tebchaw. Yog li, cov zaub mov no hu ua arsenides, antimonides, selenides, bismuthides thiab tellurides. Ua ke nrog cov derivatives ntawm hydrogen sulfide, lawv tag nrho suav nrog hauv chav kawm ntawm sulfides vim qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom.
Tus yam ntxwv rau cov zaub mov ntawm chav kawm tshuaj lom neeg yog covalent, nroghlau tivthaiv. Cov qauv siv ntau tshaj plaws yog kev sib koom ua ke, cov kob (cluster), qee zaum txheej los yog saw.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm sulfides
Xyaum tag nrho cov sulfides yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nqus tshwj xeeb. Tus nqi ntawm hardness ntawm Mohs nplai rau cov tswv cuab sib txawv ntawm pawg sib txawv thiab tuaj yeem nyob ntawm 1 (molybdenite) txog 6.5 (pyrite). Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau sulfides yog mos heev.
Nrog rau qee qhov tshwj xeeb, cleophane yog ib hom zinc sib xyaw lossis sphalerite, cov zaub mov ntawm chav kawm no yog opaque, feem ntau tsaus, qee zaum ci, uas ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj mob (nrog rau ci). Reflectivity tuaj yeem nyob ntawm nruab nrab mus rau siab.
Feem ntau sulfides yog cov ntxhia nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor.
Kev faib tawm ib txwm
Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv lub cev, sulfides, tau kawg, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kuaj mob sab nraud, raws li lawv tau muab faib ua peb hom.
- Pyrites. Qhov no yog lub npe sib sau ua ke rau cov zaub mov los ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm sulfides, uas muaj cov xim hlau thiab cov xim uas muaj xim daj lossis xim daj. Tus neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm pyrite yog pyrite FeS2, tseem hu ua sulfur lossis hlau pyrite. Lawv kuj muaj xws li chalcopyrite CuFeS2 (tooj liab pyrite), arsenopyrite FeAsS (arsenic pyrite, aka talheimite los yog mispikel), pyrrhotite Fe 7 S 8 (magnetic pyrite, magnetopyrite) thiablwm tus.
- Glitter. Qhov no yog lub npe muab rau sulfides nrog ib tug hlau luster thiab xim ntawm grey mus rau dub. Cov piv txwv ntawm cov minerals xws li galena PbS (lead luster), chalcocite Cu2S (tooj liab luster), molybdenite MoS2, antimonite Sb 2S3 (antimony sheen).
- Fakes. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov zaub mov los ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm sulfides, yam ntxwv los ntawm cov luster tsis yog xim hlau. Cov piv txwv ntawm xws li sulfides yog sphalerite ZnS (zinc blende) los yog cinnabar HgS (mercury blend). Kuj tseem paub tias yog tus neeg tiag tiag As4S4 - liab arsenic blende, thiab orpiment As2S3 - daj arsenic blende.
Qhov txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshuaj
Kev faib tawm niaj hnub no yog ua raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab suav nrog cov subclasses hauv qab no:
YYooj yim sulfides yog cov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau ion (cation) thiab sulfur (anion). Piv txwv ntawm cov minerals xws li galena, sphalerite, thiab cinnabar. Lawv yog cov derivatives yooj yim ntawm hydrogen sulfide.
Morphological nta
Sulfides thiab disulfides tuaj yeem tsim cov pob zeb loj: cubic (galena), prismatic (antimonite), hauv daim ntawv ntawm tetrahedrons (sphalerite) thiab lwm yam kev teeb tsa. Lawv kuj tsim ntom, granular crystalline aggregates lossis phenocrysts. Sulfides nrog cov txheej txheem txheej tau flattened tabular lossis foliated crystals, xws li orpiment lossis molybdenite.
Cleavage ntawm sulfides tuaj yeem sib txawv. Nws txawv ntawm qhov tsis zoo heev hauv pyrite thiab imperfect hauv chalcopyrite kom zoo meej hauv ib qho (orpiment) lossis ob peb (sphalerite, galena) cov lus qhia. Hom pob txha kuj tsis zoo ib yam rau cov ntxhia sib txawv.
Chivkeeb ntawm sulfide minerals
Feem ntau sulfides yog tsim los ntawm crystallization los ntawm hydrothermal daws. Qee zaum cov zaub mov ntawm pab pawg no muaj magmaticlos yog skarn (metasomatic) keeb kwm, thiab tuaj yeem tsim tau thaum lub sij hawm exogenous txheej txheem - nyob rau hauv kev txo qis nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm theem nrab enrichment, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub nyob rau hauv sedimentary pob zeb, zoo li pyrite los yog sphalerite.
Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, tag nrho cov sulfides, tshwj tsis yog rau cinnabar, laurite (ruthenium sulfide) thiab sperrylite (platinum arsenide), tsis ruaj khov thiab raug oxidation, uas ua rau tsim cov sulfates. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov sulfides yog xws li hom minerals li oxides, halides, carbonates. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim lawv qhov decomposition, kev tsim cov hlau ib txwm muaj - nyiaj lossis tooj liab yog ua tau.
Qhov tshwm sim
Sulfides yog cov zaub mov uas tsim cov pob zeb sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv nyob ntawm lawv qhov piv nrog lwm cov zaub mov. Yog hais tias sulfides predominate tshaj lawv, nws yog ib txwm hais lus ntawm loj heev los yog tas mus li sulfide ores. Txwv tsis pub, cov ores hu ua disseminated los yog veinlet.
Ntau zaus sulfides tso ua ke, tsim cov deposits ntawm polymetallic ores. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog tooj liab-zinc-lead sulfide ores. Tsis tas li ntawd, sib txawv sulfides ntawm ib tug hlau feem ntau tsim nws complex deposits. Piv txwv li, chalcopyrite, cuprite, bornite yog tooj liab-bearing minerals uas tshwm sim ua ke.
Feem ntau, cov ore lub cev ntawm sulphide deposits yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov leeg. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj lenticular, Tshuag, reservoir cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim.
Kev siv cov sulfides
Sulfide ores tseem ceeb heev uas yog qhov chaw ntawmtsawg, precious thiab non-ferrous hlau. Tooj, nyiaj, zinc, txhuas, molybdenum yog tau los ntawm sulfides. Bismuth, cob alt, npib tsib xee, nrog rau mercury, cadmium, rhenium thiab lwm yam khoom tsis tshua muaj kuj tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov ores.
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, qee cov sulfides tau siv los tsim cov xim (cinnabar, orpiment) thiab hauv kev lag luam tshuaj (pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite - rau kev tsim cov sulfuric acid). Molybdenite, ntxiv rau kev siv los ua cov ore, yog siv los ua ib qho tshwj xeeb qhuav cua sov-resistant lubricant.
Sulfides yog cov zaub mov txaus siab vim lawv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov kev xav tau ntawm semiconductor, electro-optical, infrared-optical thev naus laus zis, tsis yog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, tab sis lawv cov khoom siv cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho crystals.
Lwm thaj chaw uas sulfides nrhiav tau daim ntawv thov yog radioisotope geochronological sib tam ntawm qee cov pob zeb ore siv txoj kev samarium-neodymium. Cov kev tshawb fawb no siv chalcopyrite, pentlandite thiab lwm yam minerals uas muaj lub ntiaj teb tsawg - neodymium thiab samarium.
Cov piv txwv no qhia tau hais tias qhov dav ntawm sulfides yog dav heev. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam thev naus laus zis xws li cov khoom siv raw thiab cov ntaub ntawv ywj pheej.
