Koj puas paub qhov txawv ntawm lo lus "xim", "liab", "dyed", "paint"?
Yog lawm, txhua tus sawv cev nws tus kheej ntawm kev hais lus. Qhov no yog li cas homogeneous pawg ntawm cov lus uas muaj cov yam ntxwv yog hu ua hom lus.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus no yog kawm los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hu ua morphology, thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov lus hauv kab lus yog syntax.
Morphological nta tso cai rau hauv Lavxias kom sib piv cov npe thiab hais lus ntawm kev hais lus. Cov qub suav nrog cov npe
- Nouns. Tub, me nyuam, xiav, txiab, abstract. Lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv morphological tas mus li thiab tsis tas li. Cov tsis tu ncua muaj xws li poj niam txiv neej - txiv neej thiab poj niam, hom declension, "common" lossis "property" (tsim npe, npe, thiab lwm yam), animation lossis inanimateness. Tus lej thiab cov npe ntawm cov npe tuaj yeem hloov pauv, yog li cov cim qhia tau suav tias tsis sib xws.
- Cov lus qhia. Liab, me nyuam yaus, xiav, abstract. Tsis tas li ntawd morphological nta ntawm lub adjective tsis muaj nyob. Cov lus no zoo ib yam li cov uas lawv vam khom.
- Tus lej. Ob, ib txhiab ob puas peb caug, ib, ib puas thiab plaub caug-plaub. Lawv cov cim morphological tas mus li tsuas muaj ob pawg. Cov lej tuaj yeem yooj yim (tsib, xya, tsib) lossis sib xyaw (ob puas nees nkaum ib, ib puas thiab kaum ib). Lwm qhov tsis tu ncua yog cuam tshuam nrog tus nqi. Cov lej (kaum, ib lab, ib puas) tuaj yeem qhia tus lej lossis (thib rau, ob puas) kev suav. Cov yam ntxwv morphological sib txawv yog txawv rau txhua tus. Piv txwv li, cov kab ke tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm poj niam txiv neej (thawj, thawj) thiab tus lej (thib rau, kaum rau). Qee tus lej tseem tuaj yeem hloov pauv ntawm poj niam txiv neej ib-ib-ib.
- Cov lus. Txhua leej txhua tus, nws, ib tug, tsis muaj leej twg, ob peb. Lawv cov morphological tas li yog tus kheej (Kuv, peb, lawv, thiab lwm yam), tsis zoo (tsis muaj leej twg), thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho lwm cov nta yog nyob ntawm lo lus uas tus pronoun raug, thiab, yog li ntawd, tsis sib xws.
Morphological yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus qhia yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov nominal ntawm kev hais lus. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov lus qhia (khiav, dhia, txiav txim siab) qhia txog kev ua lossis lub xeev (pw tsaug zog). Nws cov yam ntxwv morphological tas mus li:
- Saib. Yog tias qhov kev txiav txim tau ua tiav lawm lossis muaj ciam teb, muaj kev txwv, ces qhov no yog daim ntawv zoo meej: hu nkauj, khawb, xa. Yog hais tias qhov kev txiav txim txuas ntxiv, ces qhov no yog yam tsis zoo: lawv hu nkauj, lawv khawb, lawv xa.
- Returnability: ntxuav-wash.
- Kev hloov pauv. Qee zaum qhov kev txiav txim raug xa mus (hloov) rau qhov khoom. Piv txwv li:pleev xim rau phab ntsa, sau ib tsab ntawv, noj porridge. Cov no yog transitive verbs. Qee zaum qhov no ua tsis tau. Koj tsis tuaj yeem hais "taug koj tus kheej", tab sis koj tuaj yeem hais tias "taug kev dev."
- Kev sib tw. Rau cov lus qhia, nws yog thawj (txiav txim siab, hu nkauj, tawm tsam) lossis thib ob (zoo nkauj, kho, haus).
Tsuas yog cov cim qhia ntawm cov lus qhia tsis tas li.
Muaj lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias. Lawv muaj lawv tus kheej morphological nta. Piv txwv li, ib qho adverb yeej tsis hloov, interjections tuaj yeem muab tau los yog tsis yog muab los, thiab lwm yam.
Txhua yam no yog kawm los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hu ua morphology.
