Cov tshuaj CS (lwm lub npe yog chlorobenzalmalonodinitrile, O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile) yog ib yam ntawm cov tshuaj irritants - cov tshuaj ua kua muag. Nws tau siv (thiab hauv qee lub tebchaws tseem siv tau) rau kev ua tub rog, tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, tawg tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv tus kheej - hauv cov roj cartridges, cartridges rau roj pistols. Qhov kub hnyiab kub hnyiab nws ua rau lub qhov muag ua rau muaj kev khaus khaus uas tus neeg poob kev taw qhia hauv qhov chaw thiab muaj peev xwm tiv taus.
History of Creation
CS tau pom thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1928 ntawm Middlebury College hauv Vermont, England. Nws tau tsim los ntawm ob tus kws tshuaj Asmeskas Asmeskas B. Corson thiab R. Stone. Lawv tau kawm txog qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm aldehydes thiab ketones nrog malonic acid dinitrile. Yog li ntawd, ntau lub tebchaw tshiab tau txais, ntawm cov uas yog chlorobenzalmonodinitrile. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom CS los ntawm thawj cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov npe ntawm nws cov neeg nrhiav pom (Corson thiab Stoughton). Txawm li ntawd los, nws psychophysiologicalkhoom. Hauv lawv daim ntawv tshaj tawm 13-nplooj ntawv, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias nws ua rau mob hnyav thiab txham.
Lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov kev sib txuas no tsis nyiam ntau. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub lig 50s. xyoo pua 20th lawv tau txaus siab rau cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm British Ministry of Defense, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv riam phom zoo. Tsis ntev nws tau sim hauv kev xyaum, thawj zaug ntawm cov tsiaj, tom qab ntawd rau cov tub rog Askiv pab dawb, thiab tom qab ntawd - thaum sib ntaus sib tua hauv qee lub tebchaws. Nws tau ua lag luam ua ke ntawm Nanskjuk tshuaj cog, thiab xyoo 1954 CS tau txais los ntawm tub ceev xwm thiab US National Guard.
tshuaj muaj zog
Chlorobenzalmalonodinitrile yog ib qho tshuaj ruaj khov. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cuam tshuam nrog ethylene daim ntawv cog lus, uas muaj peev xwm ntxiv nucleophiles kom tawg C=C daim ntawv cog lus;
- tsis zoo solubility hauv dej thiab dej cawv daws;
- hydrolysis yog nrawm nrog alkalis thiab qeeb los ntawm cov kua qaub;
- thaum rhuab, qhov solubility nce siab dua thiab nce mus txog 99% ntawm 40 ° C rau 4 teev;
- reacts nrog oxidizing agents ua rau poob ntawm irritating zog;
- thaum lub sijhawm daws teeb meem nrog dej, decomposition rau hauv O-chlorobenzaldehyde thiab malononitrile raug pom.
Cov qauv qauv ntawm cov khoom CS yog qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no. ATKev lag luam chemical, nws tau txais los ntawm Knoevenagel cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (thaum aldehydes thiab ketones yog condensed nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm bases), ib tug txheej txheem uas yog rov qab hydrolysis.
Lub cev muaj zog
Chlorobenzalmalonodinitrile muaj cov khoom hauv qab no:
- density - 1040 kg/m3;
- txheeb ze vapor ceev hauv huab cua - 6, 5;
- thermal stability txog 300 ° C;
- boiling point - 315 ° C;
- melting point - 95 ° C;
Sab nraud, cov khoom sib xyaw zoo li cov khoom tsis muaj xim, nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab. Nws decontamination yog ua los ntawm boiling nyob rau hauv dej-alcohol alkaline daws.
Nyob rau tib neeg lub cev
Chlorobenzalmonodinitrile aerosol tuaj yeem ua rau cov teebmeem nram qab no:
- muaj zog lacrimation;
- kub hnyiab hauv nasopharynx;
- mob plab;
- conjunctivitis;
- dryness, tawv nqaij khaus;
- nosebleed.
Txawm hais tias tsis ua rau tuag taus, CS tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntsws, daim siab, thiab lub plawv puas ntawm qhov ntau ntawm 0.27 mg / L thiab siab dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kaw thiab nrog lub sijhawm ntev. Cov kev sim tsiaj kuj tau pom tias nws muaj cov nyhuv teratogenic. Qhov txaus ntshai concentration hauv huab cua yog 0.002 mg / l. Cov nyhuv tshuaj lom tau kuaj pom hauv ob peb feeb, thiab ploj hauv 15-30 feeb. Cov tawv nqaij liab tuaj yeem tshwm sim rauob peb teev.
Daim ntawv thov
Xyoo 1962, Tebchaws Asmeskas pib muab cov tshuaj CS rau South Vietnam. Tom qab 2 xyoos, qhov sib xyaw no tau siv rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm pawg neeg thaum muaj kev tsov rog. Txij thaum ntawd los, nws pib siv dav los ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog. Raws li qee cov lus ceeb toom, tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm chlorobenzalmalononitrile noj thaum lub xyoo ntawm Tsov Rog Nyab Laj yog ntau dua 6,000 tons.
Tom qab siv tau zoo rau kev ua tub rog, nws tau pib siv los ntawm tub ceev xwm thaum tsim kev txiav txim rau pej xeem. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pom nws cov khoom teratogenic, nws raug tshem tawm ntawm kev pabcuam hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Raws li 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, qhov sib xyaw no raug txwv tsis pub siv tub rog, tab sis nyob rau ntau lub tebchaws (Bahrain, Nepal, Kaus Lim Qab Teb, Egypt) tseem siv.
Muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb uas zoo ib yam li CS. Aerosol morpholide ntawm pelargonic acid kuj ua rau lub cev tsis pom kev thiab ua pa, tab sis cov tsos mob no ploj sai dua (hauv 10-15 feeb hauv huab cua ntshiab) thiab tsis tas yuav kho. Cov tshuaj no tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom.
Shapes
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev kom tau txais aerosol ntawm chlorobenzalmononitrile:
- Ydissolving hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic;
- melting and spraying in liquid form;
- siv cov hmoov siliconized (kom tiv thaiv clumping ntawm cov nquagtshuaj);
- qhia txog cov foob pob tawg (cov phom loj, foob pob tshuaj, aviation cassettes, tes grenades), pyrotechnic mixs;
- daim ntawv thov hauv tshuab hluav taws xob aerosol thiab dispersants.
Environmental impact
Kev siv CS ua cov tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem ua rau nws tso tawm rau hauv qhov chaw, qhov twg nws tuaj yeem ua rau hauv lub xeev vapor thiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ncua. Lub decomposition ntawm compound nyob rau hauv cov huab cua tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug photochemical tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydroxyl radicals. Lub neej ib nrab yog txog 110 teev.
Hauv av, qhov sib xyaw no muaj kev txav mus los tsawg. Hauv dej thiab av, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ua rau kev tawg ntawm CS yog hydrolysis es tsis yog evaporation. Cov tshuaj no muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tsiaj tsis muaj zog dua li ntawm tib neeg.
tshuaj tiv thaiv
Tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Cov kev ntsuas hauv qab no raug pom zoo rau kev puas tsuaj chlorobenzalmalononitrile:
- tawm mus rau hauv huab cua ntshiab (ntawm cua, koj yuav tsum nyob rau sab cua);
- qhib qhov muag dav;
- tawm khaub ncaws;
- yaug qhov muag nrog dej huv, txias, 1% aqueous sodium bicarbonate tov, los yog saline (koj tuaj yeem ua koj tus kheej los ntawm kev ntxiv 1 tsp ntsev rau 1 liter dej);
- da dej (pib ntxuav koj cov plaub hau).
Thaum ntsib nrog cov khoom sib txuas, nrog rau cov neeg raug mob, yuav tsum siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej -looj tsom iav dub, daim npog ntsej muag roj hmab, hnab looj tes roj hmab. Ua ntej ntxuav cov khaub ncaws tsis huv, nws raug nquahu kom cua tawm sab nraum zoov ib hnub.
