Txhua yam muaj sia nyob, tshwj tsis yog algae, yog tsim los ntawm ntau cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub cev yog cov khoom sib sau ntawm cov hlwb uas zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv, koom ua ke los ntawm ib qho kev ua haujlwm. Yog li lawv zoo li cas?
Muaj cov ntaub so ntswg:
- kev kawm;
- main;
- kev sib koom;
- kev ua;
- mechanical.
Lawv txhua tus ua lawv txoj haujlwm. Piv txwv li, kev kawm ua kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab tag nrho lwm hom ntaub so ntswg kuj tsim los ntawm nws. Cov ntaub npog npog ua haujlwm tiv thaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib pauv roj tshwm sim los ntawm nws. Conductive muab kev thauj khoom thoob plaws hauv cov nroj tsuag. Cov ntaub so ntswg kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag nrog ib tug txhav qia. Cov ntaub so ntswg tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim thiab sib sau ntawm cov as-ham.
Cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tib neeg lub cev
Muaj ntau hom tsiaj cov ntaub so ntswg, uas nyob rau hauv lem muab faib ua hom.
Tus tsiaj lub cev yog tsim los ntawm plaub hom ntaub so ntswg:
- epithelial;
- muscular;
- ntshai;
- kev sib tw.
Txhua yamcov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tib neeg lub cev tau muab faib ua hom. Cia wb mus saib txhua tus.
Epithelium: ntau yam thiab ua haujlwm
Cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia ntawm hom no ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tiv thaiv.
Epithelium, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, tuaj yeem muab faib ua ib txheej thiab ntau txheej. Thawj zaug, tsuas muaj ib kab ntawm cov hlwb nyob ze rau ib leeg. Qhov thib ob muaj ob peb txheej ntawm cov hlwb.
Raws li cov duab ntawm cov hlwb, squamous, cubic thiab cylindrical epithelium yog qhov txawv. Nyob ntawm seb cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ua los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, kuj tseem muaj ciliated, glandular thiab rhiab, lossis hnov qab epithelium.
Ntau hom ntaub so ntswg epithelial muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Yog li, lub tiaj tus kab ntawm qhov ncauj kab noj hniav thiab txoj hlab pas, lub cubic ib - lub raum tubules, lub cylindrical ib - lub plab thiab cov hnyuv. Lub ciliated epithelium yog nyob rau hauv lub pa ib ntsuj av tau, rhiab (sensory) - nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav, glandular - nyob rau hauv cov qog.
Cov nqaij mos: yam ntxwv
Cov nqaij mos ntawm tib neeg lub cev tau muab faib ua peb hom:
- striated leeg;
- cov nqaij ntshiv;
- mob plawv.
Cov hlwb ntawm cov leeg nqaij hu ua myocytes, lossis fibers. Cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm hom no muaj peev xwm sib cog lus vim cov ntsiab lus ntawm contractile proteins nyob rau hauv lub hlwb: actin thiab myosin.
Striated nqaij muaj nyias ntev cylindrical fibers nrog ob pebnuclei thiab ntau ntawm mitochondria uas muab lub zog ntawm tes. Cov leeg pob txha yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txav lub cev hauv qhov chaw. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv. Qhov no siv, piv txwv li, rau cov leeg nqaij hauv plab, uas tiv thaiv kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
Cov nqaij mos, tsis zoo li cov nqaij striated, tswj tsis tau. Xws li cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tib neeg lub cev kab ib co hauv nruab nrog cev, xws li cov hnyuv, uterus. Lawv kuj muaj sphincters - ncig cov leeg, uas, thaum nqaim, kaw lub qhov. Tsiaj txhu muaj sphincters sab sauv thiab sab esophageal, pylorus, ob peb duodenal sphincters; sphincters ntawm Oddi, Mirizzi, Lutkens thiab Helly, nyob rau hauv lub nruab nrog cev ntawm lub pancreatic system; colonic sphincters thiab urethral sphincters. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg kuj muaj sphincter menyuam kawm ntawv, vim nws nqaim thiab nthuav. Cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm cov leeg muaj spindle-zoo li cov hlwb uas muaj tib lub nucleus. Cov leeg nqaij ntawm hom no raug txo kom tsis txhob sai thiab nquag ua striated.
Cov leeg mob plawv zoo ib yam li ob qho tib si striated thiab du. Zoo li du, ib tug neeg tsis tuaj yeem tswj nws lub siab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj peev xwm cog lus sai thiab nquag ua raws li qhov striated. Cov fibers ntawm lub plawv cov ntaub so ntswg yog intertwined, tsim ib tug muaj zog nqaij.
Ntshai
Nws tsis muab faib ua hom. Cov hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg no hu ua neurons. Lawv muaj ib lub cev thiab ob peb txheej txheem: ib tug ntev axon thiabob peb luv dendrites. Ntxiv nrog rau cov neurons, neuroglia kuj muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws muaj cov cell me nrog ntau qhov kev loj hlob. Neuroglia plays lub luag haujlwm txhawb nqa, muab lub zog ntawm tes, thiab tseem tsim cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov paj hlwb.
Cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas: ntau yam, ua haujlwm, qauv
hom ntaub no muaj ntau hom:
- dense fibrous;
- cov ntaub so ntswg xoob;
- ntshav;
- lymph;
- pob txha;
- cartilaginous;
- fatty;
- reticular (mesh) ntaub so ntswg.
Txawm tias lawv yog cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas, cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv heev hauv lawv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Lub ntsiab zoo sib xws ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg yog qhov muaj ntau ntawm cov tshuaj intercellular. Xav txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas.
cov ntaub so ntswg reticular
Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov ntaub so ntswg reticular tsim cov kabmob ntawm hematopoiesis. Nws muaj cov hlwb los ntawm cov qe ntshav tsim. Cov ntaub so ntswg reticular tsim cov pob txha liab - lub ntsiab hematopoietic hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, nrog rau cov poov xab thiab cov qog ntshav.
Cov ntaub so ntswg Reticular muaj cov qauv tsim. Nws muaj cov cell reticular (reticulocytes) thiab reticular fibers. Cov hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg muaj lub teeb cytoplasm thiab ib lub oval nucleus. Ntawm nws qhov chaw, nws muaj ob pebcov txheej txheem, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov hlwb uas sib cuam tshuam thiab tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo li lub network. Reticular fibers kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub lattice, ceg thiab txuas rau ib leeg. Yog li, lub network ntawm reticular fibers ua ke nrog lub network ntawm reticulocytes tsim lub stroma ntawm hematopoietic organ.
Reticulocytes tuaj yeem cais tawm ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes thiab sib txawv rau hauv macrophages lossis hematopoietic hlwb. Macrophages yog cov qe ntshav dawb tshwj xeeb uas yog ib feem ntawm pawg phagocyte. Lawv muaj peev xwm nqa tawm phagocytosis - kev ntes thiab nqus cov khoom, nrog rau lwm cov hlwb. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm macrophages yog txhawm rau tua cov kab mob pathogenic, kab mob thiab protozoa.
pob txha thiab pob txha mos
Lawv ua haujlwm tiv thaiv thiab txhawb nqa lub cev. Lawv lub ntsiab feature yog tias cov khoom intercellular yog cov khoom thiab muaj feem ntau ntawm cov khoom inorganic. Raws li rau cov hlwb, lawv nyob rau hauv cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm plaub hom: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts thiab osteogenic. Tag nrho lawv txawv ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Osteogenic hlwb yog cov uas los ntawm lwm yam peb hom pob txha hlwb tsim. Osteoblasts feem ntau yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov organic uas tsim cov khoom sib txuas (collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteins). Osteocytes yog cov ntaub so ntswg loj, lawv muaj cov duab oval thiab cov organelles tsawg. Osteoclasts yog cov hlwb loj nrog ntau lub nuclei.
pob txha mos muab faib uantau ntau yam. Cov no yog hyaline, fibrous thiab elastic pob txha mos. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yog qhov muaj ntau ntawm collagen nyob rau hauv cov khoom intercellular (kwv yees li 70%). Hyaline pob txha mos npog qhov chaw ntawm cov pob qij txha, tsim cov pob txha ntawm lub qhov ntswg, lub ntsws, lub ntsws, bronchi, yog ib feem ntawm cov tav, sternum. Fibrous pob txha tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv intervertebral discs, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tendons txuas rau cov pob txha. Elastic tsim cov pob txha pob ntseg.
ntshav
Nws muaj cov kua dej ntau ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua plasma. Nws yog 90% dej. Qhov seem 10% yog cov organic (9%) thiab inorganic (1%). Cov organic tebchaw uas tsim cov ntshav yog globulins, albumins thiab fibrinogen.
Cov hlwb hauv cov ntaub so ntswg no hu ua cov qe ntshav. Lawv muab faib ua erythrocytes, platelets thiab leukocytes. Cov qub ua haujlwm thauj khoom: lawv muaj cov protein hemoglobin, uas tuaj yeem nqa oxygen. Platelets muab cov ntshav txhaws, thiab leukocytes yog lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm cov kab mob.
