Becquerel Henri, Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb: biography, discoveries

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Becquerel Henri, Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb: biography, discoveries
Becquerel Henri, Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb: biography, discoveries
Anonim

Koj puas paub leej twg nrhiav tau xov tooj cua? Hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tham txog tus kws tshawb fawb uas qhov txiaj ntsig no yog. Antoine Henri Becquerel - tus kws kho mob Fab Kis, Nobel laureate. Nws yog nws uas nrhiav tau lub radioactivity ntawm uranium ntsev nyob rau hauv 1896.

Lub hauv paus ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb

ua becquerel henri
ua becquerel henri

Becquerel Henri yug Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 15, 1852 hauv Paris, hauv tsev ntawm Cuvier, uas yog cov cuab yeej ntawm National Museum of Natural History. Lub neej ntawm txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm lub npe nrov Becquerel dynasty tau txuas nrog lub tsev no. Tus yawg ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb yav tom ntej, Antoine Cesar Becquerel (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1788-1878), yog thawj tus tswv cuab ntawm Paris Academy of Sciences, thiab txij li xyoo 1838 - nws tus thawj tswj hwm. Nws cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov zaub mov tau dav paub. Tshwj xeeb, nws kawm lawv cov hlau nplaum, thermoelectric, piezoelectric, mechanical thiab lwm yam khoom. Lub tsev muaj cov qauv sau tshwj xeeb, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm Becquerel Alexandre Edmond, tus tub ntawm Antoine Cesar. Tus txiv neej no (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1820-1891) kuj tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Paris Academy of Sciences, thiab txij li xyoo 1880 nws tau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm. KujHenri Becquerel txiv yog ib tug xibfwb ntawm physics thiab ua tus thawj coj ntawm National Museum of Natural History.

Henri thawj qhov kev kawm

henri becquerel nthuav qhov tseeb
henri becquerel nthuav qhov tseeb

Thaum Henri muaj 18 xyoo, nws pib pab nws txiv hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, los ua nws tus pab. Nws yog thaum ntawd nws tsim kev txaus siab rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev yees duab thiab phosphorescence, uas tseem nyob nrog Becquerel rau tag nrho nws lub neej. Qhov kev txaus siab no tau txais los ntawm Antoine Henri, nws tus tub. Henri Becquerel phau ntawv "Lub Teeb, nws cov laj thawj thiab qhov cuam tshuam" tom qab ntawd los ua Antoine phau ntawv siv.

Antoine Cesar, yawg ntawm peb tus phab ej, tau mob siab rau nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv. Txij li thaum nws tseem hluas, muaj ib yam dab tsi hauv tus me nyuam tub uas tso cai rau Antoine, uas tsis pom qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm nws, tseem ntseeg tias nws yuav mus deb.

Kev Kawm ntawm Lyceum thiab Tsev Kawm Ntawv Polytechnic

Cov huab cua uas kav hauv Cuvier lub tsev tau pab tsim Henri qhov kev xav tob thiab loj heev hauv physics. Tus tub tau raug xa mus rau Lyceum Louis Legrand. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv no, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg, nws muaj hmoo nrog cov xib fwb. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 19, xyoo 1872, Henri Becquerel kawm tiav los ntawm Lyceum. Tom qab ntawd nws txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Polytechnic. Los ntawm thawj xyoo, tus tub hluas pib nquag ua nws txoj kev tshawb fawb. Tom qab ntawd, cov kev sim uas tau txais nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws.

Tshaj tawm hauv koj tus kheej lub neej, thawj zaug luam tawm

Tom qab kawm tiav, Henri pib ua haujlwm 3 xyoos ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Kev Sib Txuas Lus, qhov chaw nws ua haujlwm engineeringkev ua si. Lub sijhawm no, nws tau sib yuav tus ntxhais ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm physics. Tus ntxhais lub npe yog Lucy Jamin. Nws ntsib nws nyob rau hauv high school xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, tsev neeg kev zoo siab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tau luv luv. Henri Becquerel poob nws tus poj niam uas nws hlub, uas nyuam qhuav muaj 20 xyoo. Nws tso nws ib tug me nyuam tub, Jean.

Kev tshawb fawb tau pab Henri dhau qhov kev poob no. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau nkag mus rau hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb. Xyoo 1875, thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm Henri Becquerel tau tshwm sim (hauv Journal de Physicist). Nws tsab xov xwm tau pom, thiab tus kws tshawb fawb muaj hnub nyoog 24 xyoo tau raug muab los ua tus kws qhia ntawv hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Polytechnic. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv no, 20 xyoo tom qab, nws twb yog ib tug xib fwb.

Ua hauj lwm nrog Leej Txiv, PhD

Becquerel Henri xyoo 1878 pib ua haujlwm ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm Ntuj, qhov chaw nws yog nws txiv tus pab. Yeej, cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov haujlwm tau txuas nrog thaj chaw ntawm magneto-optics thiab siv lead ua optics. Tshwj xeeb, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav cov kev tshawb fawb nthuav dav txog yuav ua li cas lub dav hlau ntawm polarization ntawm lub teeb rotates hauv magnetic teb. Qhov kev xav paub no tau pom los ntawm Michael Faraday. Saib xyuas txhua hnub kev nce qib ntawm nws tus tub, uas twb paub tias yog ib tus kws sim zoo, Leej Txiv Henri zoo siab rau nws. Antoine Henri Becquerel tau nthuav tawm nws txoj kev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Sorbonne hauv 1888. Txoj hauj lwm no yog kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv ntawm nws txiv thiab yawg, nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kaum xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm tus sau nws tus kheej. Nws tau ntaus nqi siab heev.

Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sib yuav

Henri Becquerel ib xyoos tom qab tau los ua tswv cuab ntawm Paris Academy of Sciences. Nws tau los ua tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub cevchav haujlwm. Tom qab 3 xyoos, Henri twb yog tus xibfwb ntawm National Museum of Natural History. Nws txoj kev sib yuav thib ob, 14 xyoo tom qab nws poj ntsuam, rov qab los rau tib lub sijhawm.

Qhov tseem ceeb nrhiav tau los ntawm kev sib tsoo

Yog tias tsis yog lub caij nyoog, peb yuav nco ntsoov tus kws tshawb fawb no tsuas yog tus kws paub txog kev paub thiab tsim nyog sim, tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb heev tau tshwm sim. Nws ua tsaug rau nws tias Henri Becquerel tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Qhov tseeb txaus siab txog tus kws tshawb fawb no muaj ntau, tab sis tej zaum qhov nthuav tshaj yog nws nrhiav tau xov tooj cua.

1 Lub Peb Hlis Henri Becquerel tshawb xyuas qhov luminescence ntawm uranium ntsev hauv nws chav kuaj. Tom qab ua tiav txoj haujlwm, nws qhwv cov qauv (ib lub phaj hlau uas muaj uranium ntsev) hauv opaque thiab tuab daim ntawv dub. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau muab cov qauv no tso rau saum lub thawv ntawm cov duab thaij duab hauv ib lub tub rau khoom thiab kaw lub tub rau khoom. Tom qab ib pliag, Henri tau tawm ib lub thawv ntawm daim phiaj duab. Nws tshwm sim rau lawv, feem ntau yuav ua raws li nws tus cwj pwm ua tib zoo xyuas txhua yam. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau xav tsis thoob, raws li nws pom tias vim li cas lawv tshwm sim los ua kom pom kev. Henri pom ib daim duab ntawm ib tug qauv hlau phaj, uas yog vim li cas tshwm sim. Nws yuav piav tau li cas? Lub teeb tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag cov phiaj xwm txhua txoj kev. Yog li ntawd, raws li Becquerel nkag siab, qee qhov hluav taws xob ua rau qhov kev ua no.

Txoj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm cov rays pom los ntawm Becquerel

leej twg nrhiav tau radioactivity
leej twg nrhiav tau radioactivity

Physicists twb paub txog lub neej ntawm rays uas ua rau blackening ntawm daim duab duab thiabpom tsis tau qhov muag. Tsuas yog rau lub hlis dhau los, Roentgen tau ua nws qhov kev xav pom. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm X-rays yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm physics. Lub sijhawm no, txhua tus tau tham txog nws. Tej zaum yog vim li cas tsab ntawv ceeb toom, uas tau ua los ntawm tus kws kho mob Henri Becquerel ntawm Paris Academy of Sciences thaum Lub Peb Hlis 2, 1896, tau ntsib nrog kev txaus siab. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 12, tus kws tshawb fawb tau hais txog nws qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Natural History, nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib dav. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau tshaj tawm qhov no ntawm Paris International Congress of Physics, muaj nyob rau lub Yim Hli 1900. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tus uas nrhiav tau radioactivity twb paub lawm hais tias cov hluav taws xob nws nrhiav tsis tau luminescence. Nws kuj tsis zoo li lwm cov hluav taws xob uas paub txog physicists. Nws tsis hloov raws li tshuaj lom neeg lossis lub cev (siab, cua sov, thiab lwm yam) cuam tshuam. Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los xyuas qhov txo qis hauv nws qhov kev siv zog. Nws zoo nkaus li tias qee qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg tau tawg lub zog no.

Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd nws twb paub lawm tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov duab pom tsis pom, pom los ntawm Becquerel, tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau cov duab thaij duab dub xwb. Lawv kuj tsim lwm yam kev ua, suav nrog cov khoom siv roj ntsha. Piv txwv li, ulcers tsim ntawm Becquerel lub cev los ntawm cov tshuaj uas nyob rau hauv nws lub hnab ris. Lawv tsis kav ntev. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib muab tshuaj rau hauv cov thawv txhuas.

Kev koom tes nrog M. thiab P. Curie

henri becquerel nrhiav pom
henri becquerel nrhiav pom

Ntawm cov neeg uas xav paub txog Becquerel qhov kev tshawb pom, muaj ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg Henri Poincaré, thiab D. I. Mendeleev, leej twgtshwj xeeb tuaj txog hauv Paris kom paub txog nws tus sau. Tsis tas li ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb no yog cov txij nkawm Marie thiab Pierre Curie. Curie qhov kev txaus siab coj mus rau cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm radioactivity txuas ntxiv nrog qhov tseeb tias cov hauv qab no tau pom meej: nws hloov tawm tias nws yog qhov tseeb, ntxiv rau uranium, rau qee yam tshuaj lom neeg, txawm tias muaj ntau yam sib txawv. Cov kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus kawm lub cev lub cev ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob pom los ntawm Becquerel. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov nyhuv ntawm lub zog tso tawm, uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm radioactive decays, tau pom, thiab induced radioactivity, thiab lwm yam.

Tsim nyog lees paub

Qhov kev ua tiav zoo ntawm Henri Becquerel tau txais kev lees paub zoo. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau raug caw tuaj koom Royal Society of London. Tsis tas li ntawd, Paris Academy of Sciences muab khoom plig rau Henri tag nrho cov kev sib txawv tom qab ntawd muaj. Lub Yim Hli 8, 1900, Becquerel tau hais lus hauv Paris ntawm International Congress of Physics, qhov uas nws tau nyeem tsab ntawv ceeb toom tseem ceeb.

Nobel nqi zog

antoine henri becquerel
antoine henri becquerel

Tom qab 3 xyoos, Henri Becquerel tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel (ua ke nrog Marie thiab Pierre Curie). Nws biography kuj yog nthuav vim hais tias tus kws tshawb fawb no tau los ua thawj tus neeg Fab Kis uas coj Nobel puav pheej rau Paris. Cov txij nkawm Curie, hmoov tsis, tuaj tsis tau rau Stockholm kom tau txais nws. Rau lawv, Nobel nqi zog tau muab tsub rau Minister of France.

xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej

physicist Henri Becquerel
physicist Henri Becquerel

Kev txais tos zoo siab, kev qhuas, kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb - tag nrho cov no tos Henri Becquerel. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis hloov nws txoj kev ua neej. Tus kws tshawb fawb txog hnub kawg tseem mob siab rauscience raws li ib tug neeg ua haujlwm txo hwj chim. Henri Becquerel, nws qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb heev rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb ntxiv, tuag hauv Le Croisic (Brittany) thaum muaj hnub nyoog 55 xyoos. Craters ntawm Mars thiab lub hli muaj npe tom qab nws, nrog rau chav tsev ntawm radioactivity, lub becquerel. Lub npe ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Fab Kis loj tshaj plaws, uas nyob rau hauv thawj pem teb ntawm Eiffel Ntauwd.

Txoj hmoo ntawm Jean Becqueray

Kev vam meej yog txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab Jean Becquerel. Nws ua pov thawj tias nws yog ib tug tsim nyog successor rau nws txiv. Tus kws tshawb fawb no tau yug los rau Lub Ob Hlis 5, 1878 hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas txhua tus Becquerels ua haujlwm. Nws lub neej nyob ntev. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 75 xyoos, ua tswv cuab ntawm Paris Academy of Sciences thiab tus kws paub txog lub cev.

cov lus nug tshiab

Henri Becquerel thaum yau Story ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb
Henri Becquerel thaum yau Story ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb

Zoo li txhua qhov kev ua tiav zoo xws li kev tshawb pom ntawm cov thev naus laus zis txuag hluav taws xob, qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov xov tooj cua tau muab cov kws tshawb fawb ntau dua li cov lus teb. Nws kuj ua rau muaj lus nug tshiab thiab teeb meem. Dab tsi mechanism underlies radioactive decays? Cov rays ua dab tsi thiab vim li cas? Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis muaj cov lus teb tag rau cov lus nug no thiab lwm yam.

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