Tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsis lees paub tias qhov tseeb nyob ib puag ncig peb yog kev sib haum xeeb thiab zoo meej. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi los yog leej twg ib tug neeg ntseeg, tab sis nyob ib puag ncig nws nws pom tsis yog tsuas yog kev zoo nkauj thiab ntau haiv neeg, tab sis kuj muaj kev sib haum xeeb uas tsis muaj qhov chaw rau kev chaos. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom meej meej expediency yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm creatures. Txhua yam tsis muaj zog, dab tuag, tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev yug me nyuam noj qab haus huv yog rhais tawm los ntawm kev ua ntawm evolutionary yam, feem ntau xaiv ntuj. Tsis yog lub luag haujlwm kawg hauv nws yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem lom neeg xws li kev sib cais ntawm kev sib deev.
Qhov no, nrog rau lwm hom kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv cov noob cog ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg cov zej zog, peb yuav xav txog hauv daim ntawv no.
Kev kis tus yam ntxwv ntawm caj ces yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov khoom muaj sia
Kev tsim tawm yog txheej txheem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ua tsaug uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej muaj peev xwm ua taunyob hauv av. Txawm li cas los xij ntawm nws lub koom haum, los ntawm protozoa mus rau cov tsiaj, fertilization (nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag - pollination), ua rau cov tsos ntawm zoo, fertile offspring, tshwm sim tsuas yog ntawm cov tib neeg teej tug mus rau ib tug pej xeem ntawm tib hom kab mob. Obviously, muaj tej yam ntuj tso cais mechanisms tswj copulation los yog pollination.
Tau kawg, qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm kev hla kev sib txawv tsis suav nrog. Lawv tshwm sim ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob thiab yog nqa tawm artificially - los ntawm cov txiv neej, tab sis ib txwm ua rau cov tsos ntawm cov me nyuam nrog tsis muaj zog vivability los yog sterile hybrids. Suffice nws kom nco qab lub sterile mules - cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tau los ntawm kev hla ntawm ib tug nees luav thiab ib tug mare. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qee lub zog tau ua haujlwm ntawm no, uas tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog qee hom kev cais tawm. Cia peb txhais lawv kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Kev faib cov txheej txheem ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov pejxeem
Nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia evolutionary, uas yog ib qho khoom ntawm kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntuj xws li Ch. Darwin, A. N. Svertsov, G. Spencer, txiav txim siab txog cov xwm txheej hauv qab no uas ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub neej ntawm cov kab mob lom neeg: qhov no yog thaj chaw, kev loj hlob thiab kev sib cais ntawm ecological. Tshooj ntawm biology - pej xeem noob caj noob ces, yog koom nrog hauv kev kawm txog kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov zej zog ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Lawv yog cov tshwm sim los ntawm tej yam xws li lub neej nthwv dej thiab genetic drift.
Cov ceg saum toj no ntawm biology tsim lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev txuag ntawm karyotypes ntawm cov tib neeg hauv cov pej xeem thiab tiv thaiv kev sib tshuam ntawm cov neeg. Tom ntej no, peb yuav pom tias cov txheej txheem cais tawm hu ua ecological li cas, thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm cov noob tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov noob hauv cov pejxeem.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib puag ncig hauv kev khaws cia cov noob caj pas ntawm cov zej zog ntawm cov kab mob nyob
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm phylogenesis - keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm ib hom, nws cov tib neeg tsim cov pejxeem uas nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm qee thaj chaw, hu ua ntau yam. Cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig yam, nrog rau cov zej zog ntawm lwm hom tsiaj uas nyob hauv ib thaj chaw, uas yog, lawv nyob hauv ib qho chaw ecological. Txhawm rau txo qhov hnyav ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm tib hom, muaj qee yam kev cais tawm uas ua kom ntseeg tau tias, piv txwv li, cov cai ntawm ob pawg neeg hais txog hom zaub mov txawv. Yog li, pea beetle tsim ob lub zej zog ntawm kab: ib qho pub rau cov noob taum, lwm qhov taum.
Thaum lub sij hawm yug me nyuam, vim qhov tseeb tias cov qoob loo cog qoob loo loj hlob hauv thaj chaw sib txawv, cov kab mob ntawm ob pawg neeg tsis sib koom.
Lub sijhawm ntawm kev yug me nyuam thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov noob
Rau yam uas cuam tshuam loj heev, lossis txawm tias tag nrho tiv thaiv pollination lossis copulation ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tib lub cev.qeb, peb tuaj yeem suav nrog kev cais tawm cov txheej txheem uas tswj lub sijhawm ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm tib neeg. Piv txwv li, flowering ntawm bluegrass meadow, loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm cov dej, yog correlated nrog lub sij hawm ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav dej nyab. Cov nroj tsuag nyob ncaj qha rau ntawm ntug dej, thiab thaum lub sij hawm dej nyab rau lub sij hawm ntev nyob rau hauv dej, tawg tom qab cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv tus dej nyab ib lub sij hawm luv luv, los yog tsis muaj dej nyab tag nrho. Rau cov laj thawj pom tseeb, tsis muaj panmixia (cross-pollination) ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov nyom, txij li lawv cov paj ntoos ripens nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov nyom nyom nyom nyom raug tsim, sib txawv ntawm kev yug me nyuam.
Lub luag haujlwm hloov pauv ntawm kev cais tawm
Population genetics tau tsim qhov tseeb tias qhov ua tsis tau ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov noob ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv lossis cov zej zog ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv tag nrho tshwm sim hauv cov genotypes ntawm tib neeg, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim. ob qho tib si tseem ceeb thiab recessive alleles kuj hloov. Qhov no ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov pej xeem sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Qhov kev sib txawv no yuav txhawj xeeb, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev hloov mus rau abiotic ib puag ncig yam. Nws nyob ntawm dab tsi?
Txoj haujlwm nyuaj ntawm ntau hom rwb thaiv tsev
Nws yog raws li kev sib txuas ntawm ecological thiab kev sib cais ntawm kev sib deev. Biology, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nws seem - txoj kev xav ntawm evolution, qhia lawv lub zog ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb xws li kev sib txawv, uas yogdivergence ntawm cov cim thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev. Nws underlies microevolution, txheej txheem uas ua rau tsim cov thawj subspecies, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kab mob tshiab hauv cov xwm txheej.
Yuav ua li cas kev cais thaj chaw tshwm sim
Ob qho tib si hauv botany thiab zoology, cov kws tshawb fawb tau mob siab rau qhov tseem ceeb uas txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam pub dawb ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm tib hom mus yuav luag xoom. Nws yog hu ua geographic isolation. Nws tau muab tawm tias qhov kev hloov pauv hauv qhov av yuav tsum tau ua nrog cov tsos ntawm cov teeb meem uas ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob.
Lawv txhawj xeeb, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm gametes, lub sijhawm ntawm copulation lossis pollination. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem ua ke nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm - kev rho menyuam tawm. Dab tsi yog qhov tshwm sim rau lub neej ntawm cov pej xeem nws ua rau?
Discrepancies
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tib neeg ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj cov genomes zoo sib xws tau txais ntau thiab ntau qhov sib txawv nyob rau lub sijhawm vim qhov ploj ntawm ob qho tib si zaub mov thiab qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam dawb. Insurmountable lub cev teeb meem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm continental so, uplifting roob ranges, thiab dej overflows cais cov zej zog ntawm cov tib neeg los ntawm ib leeg. Qhov no yog txoj kev loj hlob. Cov piv txwv hauv qab no qhia txog kev cais thaj chaw raws li ib qho tseem ceeb mechanism rau speciation. Yog li, pab pawg ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg marsupial hauv Australia, tom qab nws sib cais los ntawm thaj av qub ntawm Gondwana, muaj qhov tseem ceeb.anatomical thiab physiological txawv los ntawm niaj hnub European tsiaj hom uas tshwm sim tom qab lub Great Glaciation.
Ch. Darwin ntawm lub mechanisms ntawm speciation
Lub ntiaj teb nto moo tus tsim ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev xaiv ntuj tsim, tus kws tshaj lij Askiv Askiv Charles Darwin, tau txheeb xyuas cov tsav tsheb ntawm kev hloov pauv, ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm cov chav kawm tshiab, kev txiav txim thiab tsev neeg ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Tsis tas li ntawd hauv nws cov ntawv sau, tus kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia txog thaj chaw thiab ib puag ncig kev cais tawm. Nws kos cov piv txwv ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ua thaum nws nto moo mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb. Darwin pom thiab kos ntau hom finches nyob hauv Galapagos Islands. Cov noog muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab noj hniav, qhov loj ntawm lub cev, thiab noj zaub mov txawv.
Thaum hla ntawm cov tib neeg tag nrho poob lub peev xwm los tsim cov xeeb ntxwv. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov Islands tuaj thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv cov tsiaj thiab tsiaj txhu tau ua rau muaj ntau hom subspecies, uas tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau hauv hom ywj pheej. Peb tau txiav txim siab ib qho ntxiv ntawm kev hloov pauv, ua rau muaj cov kab mob tshiab, nrog rau tag nrho cov xwm txheej nyob mus tom ntej. Cov piv txwv uas peb tau txiav txim siab saum toj no ua pov thawj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem spatial uas tiv thaiv qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov neeg sib txawv, uas thaum kawg ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab.
