Aluminium thiab nws cov alloys: txhua yam ntawm cov hlau no

Aluminium thiab nws cov alloys: txhua yam ntawm cov hlau no
Aluminium thiab nws cov alloys: txhua yam ntawm cov hlau no
Anonim

Hnub no, yuav luag txhua cov hlau thiab lawv cov alloys paub rau tib neeg tau pom cov ntaub ntawv siv tau. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb nta, uas txiav txim siab txog lawv txoj kev siv hauv qee qhov kev lag luam. Qhov dav tshaj plaws yog hlau thiab ntau yam sib txuas raws li nws, nrog rau txhuas thiab nws cov alloys. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, los ntawm cov chaw khaws cia loj, nrog rau cov tshuaj zoo heev, lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua yam.

keeb kwm me ntsis

Raws li cov lus dab neeg thaum ub tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia "Natural History" los ntawm Gaius Pliny tus Txwj Laug, muab sau ua ke nyob rau xyoo 77 AD, ib zaug ib tug tswv tsis paub mus cuag tus huab tais Rome Tiberius thiab muab khoom plig rau nws hauv daim ntawv lub tais. nyiaj thiab lub teeb hlau heev. Thaum Tiberius nug nws tias nws ua li cas, nws teb tias nws yog av nplaum. Xav tsis thoob, tus huab tais tau txiav txim rau kev tuag ntawm ib tug neeg ua txuj ci dawb huv thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws lub rooj cob qhia kom qhov kev tsim kho no yuav tsis ua rau kev txo nqi ntawm cov hlau ntawm Roman cov nyiaj txiag. Hmoov tsis zoo nws ua tsis tau thaum lub sijhawm. Ntsuam xyuas tag nrho cov zeem muag ntawm kev tshawb pom, vim tias txhuas thiab nws cov alloys yav tom ntej tau ua tiav qhov tseeb.

Vim li cas txhuas thiab nws cov alloys thiaj li nrov?

aluminium thiab nws cov alloys
aluminium thiab nws cov alloys

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhuas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog kwv yees li 8.8%, thiab yog li nws ua rau cov npe ntawm cov hlau ntau tshaj plaws. Nws qhov zoo muaj xws li qhov ntom ntom ntom (2.7 g / cm3), zoo heev corrosion kuj, manufacturability, zoo hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity, thiab cov yam ntxwv siab zog. Aluminium thiab nws cov alloys yog dav siv nyob rau hauv aviation, shipbuilding, railway thauj, automotive, kev tsim kho, tshuaj thiab roj industries, thiab lwm yam. Aluminium alloys yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ductility, ductility, kev ua haujlwm siab. Tag nrho cov no muab lub sijhawm zoo los siv lawv hauv yuav luag txhua yam kev tsim khoom.

Basic aluminium alloys

aluminium alloys
aluminium alloys

Los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm txhuas nrog cov khoom siv alloying, koj tuaj yeem ua tiav lub zog ntau dua thiab txhim kho lwm yam khoom ntawm cov hlau no. Silicon, tooj liab, manganese, zinc thiab magnesium feem ntau yog siv los ua additives. Xav txog lub ntsiab alloys.

Duralumin (duralumin, lossis tsuas yog duralumin)

Lub npe ntawm qhov chaw no los ntawm lo lus Düren - uas yog lub npe ntawm lub nroog German uas nyob rau xyoo 1911. pib tsim cov hlau no ntawm kev lag luam. Nws tau txais los ntawm kev ntxiv tooj liab (2.2 - 5.2%), magnesium (0.2 - 2.7%) thiab manganese (0.2 - 0.1%) rau txhuas. Tom qab kev kho cua sov, cov hlau ua tau zoo heev(lub zog zoo li qub mus txog 450-500 MPa). Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho corrosion, nws feem ntau clad nrog aluminium. Siv ua cov khoom siv hauv kev thauj mus los thiab aviation engineering.

Magnalia

Cov no yog ntau yam alloys ntawm txhuas nrog magnesium thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus (magnesium ntsiab lus - 1-13%). Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm siab ductility, zoo weldability thiab corrosion kuj. Siv los ua cov castings, hlau, ntawv, rivets, thiab lwm yam.

Silumin

hlau thiab lawv cov alloys
hlau thiab lawv cov alloys

Cov tshuaj no tau txais los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm txhuas nrog silicon (silicon cov ntsiab lus - 4-13%). Qee zaum lwm cov tshuaj ntxiv ntxiv rau nws: Be, Ti, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cu. Cov hlau no yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom siv, feem ntau hauv cov dav hlau thiab tsheb lag luam.

Aluminium thiab nws cov alloys yuav ua haujlwm rau tib neeg lub sijhawm ntev los. Cov pov thawj ntawm qhov no yog ib qho kev tsim tshiab - txhuas ua npuas ncauj lossis, raws li nws tseem hu ua, "hlau ua npuas ncauj". Ntau tus kws tshaj lij ntseeg hais tias qhov ntxeem tau ntawm aluminium muaj qhov kev cia siab zoo.

Pom zoo: