Lub biomass ntawm peb ntiaj chaw muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov tsiaj qus: tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag, fungi, kab mob, kab mob. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua lub nceeg vaj loj heev uas ib tus tuaj yeem xav tsis thoob tias peb txhua tus haum li cas hauv ntiaj teb. Tab sis, txawm hais tias muaj ntau haiv neeg, txhua yam muaj sia nyob hauv ntiaj teb muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb.
Txhua yam muaj sia nyob
Cov pov thawj los ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia:
- xav tau khoom noj khoom haus (kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev);
- ua pa (biooxidation) xav tau;
- reproducing peev;
- kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob thoob plaws hauv lub neej.
Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no yog sawv cev hauv lub cev los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntau. Txhua thib ob hauv txhua tus neeg nyob, thiab ntau dua li ib tus neeg, ntau pua qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib txuas thiab kev lwj ntawm cov organic molecules tshwm sim. Cov qauv, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tshuaj lom neeg, kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, kev sib txuas, kev lwj thiab kev tsim kho cov qauv tshiab ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic molecules - tag nrho cov no yog cov kev kawm.loj, nthuav thiab ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Biochemistry yog ib qho kev paub dhau los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas kawm txog tag nrho cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg uas tshwm sim hauv cov tsiaj nyob.
Object
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm txog biochemistry tsuas yog cov kab mob muaj sia nyob thiab tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshwm sim hauv lawv. Tshwj xeeb, tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm nqus cov zaub mov, tso tawm cov khoom pov tseg, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Yog li, lub hauv paus ntawm biochemistry yog kev kawm ntawm:
- Cov ntawv tsis yog cellular - kab mob.
- Prokaryotic hlwb ntawm cov kab mob.
- Cov nroj tsuag siab thiab qis.
- Nyob ntawm txhua chav kawm paub.
- Lub cev tib neeg.
Tam sim no, biochemistry nws tus kheej yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb hluas, uas tsuas yog tshwm sim nrog kev sib sau ntawm cov kev paub txaus txog cov txheej txheem sab hauv hauv cov tsiaj txhu. Nws tshwm sim thiab kev sib cais hnub rov qab mus rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
Cov ceg niaj hnub ntawm biochemistry
Tam sim no ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, biochemistry suav nrog ob peb ntu tseem ceeb, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv lub rooj.
| Section | Definition | Kev kawm |
| YDynamic Biochemistry | Kawm txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov molecules hauv lub cev | Metabolites - cov molecules yooj yim thiab lawv cov derivatives, tsim los ntawm kev sib pauv zog; Monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, amino acids |
| YStatic Biochemistry | Kawm txog tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv cov kab mob thiab cov qauv ntawm cov molecules | Vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, hormones |
| Bioenergy | Kev koom nrog hauv kev kawm txog kev nqus, sib sau thiab hloov pauv ntawm lub zog hauv cov kab ke lom neeg nyob | Ib qho ntawm ntu ntawm dynamic biochemistry |
| YFunctional Biochemistry | Studies cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem physiological ntawm lub cev | Khoom noj khoom haus thiab kev zom zaub mov, ua pa, tswj cov kua qaub-puag tshuav, cov leeg nqaij, cov hlab ntsha impulse conduction, tswj lub siab thiab ob lub raum, kev ua ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lymphatic systems, thiab lwm yam |
| Kev kho mob biochemistry (tib neeg biochemistry) | Kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov metabolism hauv tib neeg lub cev (hauv cov kab mob noj qab haus huv thiab kab mob) | Kev sim tsiaj tso cai rau peb los tsim cov kab lis kev cai ntshiab ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic uas ua rau muaj kab mob hauv tib neeg thiab nrhiav txoj hauv kev los tawm tsam lawv |
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias biochemistry yog tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb me me uas npog tag nrho cov txheej txheem sab hauv feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob.
Ntxhais kawm txuj ci
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, ntau yam kev paub sib txawv tau sau thiab ntau yam txuj ci kev tshawb fawb tau tsim los ua cov txiaj ntsig tshawb fawb, yug me nyuam cov kab mob hauv zos, rov ua dua DNA thiab RNA,embedding paub seem ntawm cov genome nrog cov khoom xav tau, thiab lwm yam, uas tsim kom muaj kev xav tau ntxiv rau kev tshawb fawb uas yog menyuam yaus sciences rau biochemistry. Cov no yog sciences xws li:
- molecular biology;
- genetic engineering;
- gene phais;
- molecular noob caj noob ces;
- enzymology;
- immunology;
- molecular biophysics.
Txhua thaj chaw ntawm kev paub muaj ntau qhov kev ua tiav hauv kev kawm txog bioprocesses hauv cov kab mob lom neeg, yog li nws tseem ceeb heev. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua XX.
Yog vim li cas rau kev loj hlob ntawm biochemistry thiab koom nrog kev tshawb fawb
Nyob rau xyoo 1958, Kaulees tau tshawb pom cov noob thiab nws cov qauv, tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1961, cov noob caj noob ces raug txiav tawm. Tom qab ntawd cov qauv ntawm DNA molecule tau tsim - ib tug ob-stranded qauv muaj peev xwm ntawm reduplication (self-reproduction). Tag nrho cov subtleties ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic (anabolism thiab catabolism) tau piav qhia, tertiary thiab quaternary qauv ntawm cov protein molecule tau kawm. Thiab qhov no tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho ntawm cov kev tshawb pom loj heev ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm biochemistry. Tag nrho cov kev tshawb pom no yog los ntawm biochemists thiab science nws tus kheej li ntawd. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau yam prerequisites rau nws txoj kev loj hlob. Muaj ob peb lub laj thawj niaj hnub no rau nws txoj kev muaj zog thiab kev siv zog hauv nws txoj kev tsim.
- Lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob muaj sia tau raug nthuav tawm.
- Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke hauv feem ntau cov txheej txheem physiological thiab lub zog yog tsimrau tag nrho cov muaj sia nyob (piv txwv li, lawv yog tib yam rau cov kab mob thiab tib neeg).
- Kev kho mob biochemistry muab tus yuam sij rau kev kho tus tswv ntawm cov kab mob nyuaj thiab txaus ntshai.
- Nrog kev pab ntawm biochemistry, nws tau los ua ze rau kev daws teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb ntawm biology thiab tshuaj.
Vim li no qhov xaus: biochemistry yog qhov kev vam meej, tseem ceeb thiab dav dav-spectrum science uas tso cai rau koj nrhiav cov lus teb rau ntau cov lus nug ntawm noob neej.
Biochemistry hauv Russia
Nyob hauv peb lub teb chaws, biochemistry yog tib yam kev vam meej thiab tseem ceeb science raws li thoob ntiaj teb. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia muaj lub koom haum ntawm Biochemistry muaj npe tom qab A. I. A. N. Bach RAS, Lub koom haum ntawm Biochemistry thiab Physiology ntawm Microorganisms. G. K. Skryabin RAS, Research Institute of Biochemistry SB RAS. Peb cov kws tshawb fawb muaj lub luag haujlwm zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ntawm immunoelectrophoresis tau tshawb pom, cov txheej txheem ntawm glycolysis tau tshawb pom, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm nucleotides hauv cov qauv ntawm DNA molecule tau tsim, thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb tau tsim. Thaum kawg ntawm XIX thiab pib ntawm XX caug xyoo. Yeej, tsis yog tag nrho cov koom haum tau tsim, tab sis chav haujlwm ntawm biochemistry hauv qee lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev los no yuav tsum tau nthuav dav qhov chaw rau kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb no nrog rau nws txoj kev loj hlob hnyav.
Biochemical txheej txheem ntawm cov nroj tsuag
Biochemistry ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog inextricably txuas nrog physiological txheej txheem. Feem ntau, kev kawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag biochemistry thiab physiology yog:
- kev ua ub ua nocells;
- photosynthesis;
- pab;
- dej tswj cov nroj tsuag;
- khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig;
- qoob loo zoo thiab physiology ntawm nws tsim;
- cog tiv thaiv kab tsuag thiab qhov tsis zoo ib puag ncig.
Vim li kev ua liaj ua teb
Kev paub txog cov txheej txheem sib sib zog nqus ntawm biochemistry hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov qoob loo zoo thiab kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov qoob loo cog qoob loo, uas yog cov tsim khoom loj ntawm cov zaub mov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, physiology thiab biochemistry ntawm cov nroj tsuag ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau txoj hauv kev los daws cov teeb meem ntawm cov kab tsuag kab tsuag, cov nroj tsuag tsis kam tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov qoob loo zoo.
