Rau kev ua haujlwm tag nrho ntawm tib neeg lub cev, kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau noj cov zaub mov uas muaj protein ntau, rog, carbohydrates. Proteins thiab proteins yog cov khoom ntawm cov hlwb, yog li tus neeg xav tau zaub mov muaj protein ntau. Dab tsi yog amino acids? Lub biochemistry ntawm cov tebchaw no yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog tau txais kev txiav txim siab thiab kawm.
Ntawm cov amino acids
Cov tshuaj no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein molecules. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas thiab tsib caug cov amino acids sib txawv, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg lub cev. Dab tsi yog peb xav tau cov amino acids? Lub biochemistry ntawm 20 cov tebchaw no tau kawm paub meej los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws. Nws tau muab tawm tias kaum ob ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, thiab tsuas yog yim cov amino acids ib tus neeg yuav tsum tau txais los ntawm zaub mov.
Kev faib tawm
Cia peb saib qee cov amino acids. Biochemistry, kev faib tawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw no suav nrog kev faib ntawm peb pawg loj:
- tseem ceeb, tau nrog zaub mov. Cov tshuaj no tsis tuaj yeem ua ke hauvtib neeg lub cev;
- hloov tau, tsim hauv lub cev, nkag mus rau hauv nws nrog rau cov khoom noj muaj protein;
- hloov pauv tau, ua los ntawm cov khoom sib hloov tsis tau.
Basic nta
Dab tsi yog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov amino acids? Lub biochemistry ntawm cov tebchaw no muab lub tswv yim ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Amino acids muaj cov ntsiab lus melting siab, soluble hauv dej, thiab muaj ib daim ntawv crystalline.
Dab tsi ntxiv characterizes amino acids? Biochemistry, lawv cov qauv qhia pom muaj nyob hauv cov molecules ntawm carbon, uas muaj kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag.
tshuaj yam ntxwv
Lawv biochemistry yog qhov txaus siab. Amino acids yog peptides ntawm lub hauv paus qauv. Nws yog thaum ob peb cov amino acid residues ua ke rau hauv ib lub qauv kab uas muaj cov protein molecule yog synthesized. Thaum ib tug neeg noj glycine nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov los yog ntsiav tshuaj, muaj ib tug ceev thiab yooj yim nkag mus rau cov organic teeb meem rau hauv cov ntshav. Lawv biochemistry yog qhov txaus siab. Amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, rog yog cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev muaj sia. Nrog lawv tsis muaj, ntau yam kab mob tshwm sim.
Amino acids yog amphoteric compounds nrog dual tshuaj zog.
Biological tseem ceeb
chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj muaj nitrogen yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein molecules hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws deficiency, teeb meem loj nrog lub paj hlwb tshwm sim. Dab tsi ntxiv yog qhov tseem ceebrau lub cev amino acids? Cov biochemistry ntawm cov tshuaj amphoteric no piav qhia lawv qhov tseem ceeb rau glycogen biosynthesis hauv daim siab. Nws qhov nyiaj tsis txaus ua rau muaj mob hnyav. Ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tsis muaj 20 qhov tseem ceeb amino acids, cov kws kho mob hu rau kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, kev haus dej cawv, cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub cev tsis txaus (kom tsis txhob muaj cov protein tshaib plab), nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj cov khoom noj siv mis, nqaij, thiab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv cov khoom noj.
Duality of properties
Dab tsi ua rau cov amino acids muaj? Lub biochemistry ntawm cov tebchaw no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov muaj ob pawg ua haujlwm hauv cov molecules. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw no muaj cov carboxyl (acid) COOH pawg, thiab kuj yog amines. Cov yam ntxwv zoo li no piav qhia lawv cov peev xwm tshuaj lom neeg.
Zoo sib xws nrog cov organic thiab ntxhia acids yog tshwm sim hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hlau nquag, cov oxides yooj yim, alkalis, ntsev ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov amino acids tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg nrog cawv, tsim cov esters. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov amino pawg piav qhia lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub los ntawm tus neeg txais nyiaj pub dawb txoj cai.
Kev faib tawm thiab npe
Nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pawg carboxyl, nws muaj peev xwm faib cov organic tebchaw rau alpha, beta, amino acids. Hauv qhov no, tus lej ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom pib nrog cov pa roj carbon tom qab cov kua qaubpab pawg.
Hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov amino acids txawv ntawm cov pab pawg ua haujlwm: yooj yim, nruab nrab, acidic.
Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm hydrocarbon radical, nws yog ib txwm ua kom subdivide tag nrho cov amino acids rau hauv fatty (aliphatic), heterocyclic, aromatic, thiab sulfur-muaj cov tebchaw. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm aromatic amino acid yog 2 aminobenzoic acid.
Raws li cov txheej txheem nomenclature, thaum naming chav kawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw, qhia txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov amino pawg nrog ib tug xov tooj, ces ntxiv lub npe ntawm cov carbon saw, uas muaj xws li ib tug carboxyl pawg. Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek yog siv yog tias cov amino acid muaj npe raws li tsis tseem ceeb nomenclature.
Yog tias muaj ob qhov ua haujlwm (amino pawg) hauv cov molecule, cov lus qhia ua ntej siv lub npe: diamino-, triamino-. Rau polybasic amino acids, triol lossis diolic acid ntxiv rau hauv lub npe.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm isomerism thiab tau txais cov amino acids
Muab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov organic tshuaj, muaj ntau hom isomerism. Zoo ib yam li carboxylic acids, nyob rau hauv cov amphoteric compounds, muaj isomers ntawm lub cev pob txha.
Nws tseem tuaj yeem tsim isomers nrog cov haujlwm sib txawv ntawm pawg amino ua haujlwm. Qhov kev txaus siab yog qhov kho qhov muag isomerism ntawm chav kawm no, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm piav qhia lawv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia.
Aminocaproic acid ua raws li cov khoom noj rau kev sib txuas ntawm capron. Los ntawm hydrolysis, koj tuaj yeem tau txais 25 qhov tseem ceebamino acids. Muaj qee yam teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib cais ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm amphoteric compounds. Ntxiv rau qhov hydrolysis ntawm cov protein molecules, cov amino acids tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm halogenated acids raws li Gel-Volhard-Zelinsky cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Amino acids yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrolysis ntawm cov proteins uas tsim cov khoom noj. Nws yog cov khoom no uas yog lub tsev thaiv, ua tsaug rau qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj cov proteins tshwm sim, lub saturation ntawm lub cev nrog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau nws lub neej tag nrho.
Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lub cev qaug zog heev tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj, tus neeg mob tau muab cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov amino acids. Nrog kev pab ntawm glutamic acid, kev kho mob ntawm cov hlab ntsha yog nqa tawm, nrog rau lub plab rwj, kev siv histidine yog tsim nyog. Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, cov amino acids yog siv los ua tsiaj pub los txhawb lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob.
Zoo kawg
Amino acids yog amphoteric organic compounds uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm ib qho ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv loj tshwm sim. Kev noj zaub mov kom tiav yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum hluas, nrog rau cov neeg uas muaj kev ua si lub cev tsis tu ncua, koom tes nrog kev ua kis las.
