Proteins yog cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo molecular uas muaj alpha-amino acids uas txuas nrog peptide daim ntawv cog lus rau hauv ib txoj hlua. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kev tswj hwm. Thiab txog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas nws manifests nws tus kheej, tam sim no nws yog tsim nyog los qhia nyob rau hauv kom meej.
Process Description
Proteins muaj peev xwm tau txais thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv. Nrog rau qhov no, lawv qhov kev siv ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab thoob plaws hauv lub cev tag nrho yog kev cob cog rua.
Qhov kev txiav txim no thim rov qab thiab feem ntau yuav tsum muaj cov ligand. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog lub npe ntawm ib tug tshuaj compound uas tsim ib tug complex nrog biomolecules thiab tom qab ntawd ua tej yam teebmeem (pharmacological, physiological los yog biochemical).
Ntxim qab kawg, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua nrhiav cov proteins tshiab. Nco ntsoov tias tsuas yog ib feem me ntawm lawv paub niaj hnub no.
Proteins uas ua haujlwm tswj tau muab faib ua ntau yam. Thiab lawv txhua tus tsim nyog tham txog nyias.
Functionalclassification
Nws zoo nkauj heev. Tom qab tag nrho, ib qho tshuaj hormone tuaj yeem ua ntau yam haujlwm. Tab sis feem ntau, kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ua kom lub zog ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes los ntawm nws lub voj voog, txuas ntxiv, txhais lus, splicing thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm cov protein sib txuas.
Nws tag nrho tshwm sim vim kev khi rau lwm cov molecules los yog vim yog kev ua enzyme. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov tshuaj no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev. Tom qab tag nrho, cov enzymes, ua cov molecules complex, ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev muaj sia. Thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv inhibit qhov kev ua ntawm lwm cov proteins.
Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem txav mus rau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm hom kev faib tawm.
YProteins-hormones
Lawv cuam tshuam ntau yam txheej txheem physiological thiab ncaj qha rau cov metabolism. Cov tshuaj hormones Protein yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov qog endocrine, tom qab uas lawv nqa los ntawm cov ntshav txhawm rau xa cov ntaub ntawv qhia.
Lawv kis random. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsuas yog ua rau cov hlwb uas muaj cov protein receptor tshwj xeeb. Tsuas yog cov tshuaj hormones tuaj yeem tiv tauj lawv.
Raws li txoj cai, cov txheej txheem qeeb yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones. Cov no suav nrog kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej cov ntaub so ntswg. Tab sis txawm nyob ntawm no muaj kev zam.
Qhov no yog adrenaline - derivative ntawm amino acids, cov tshuaj hormones tseem ceeb ntawm adrenal medulla. Nws tso tawm provokes qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub paj hlwb impulse. Lub plawv dhia nce, ntshav siab nce, thiab lwm yam lus teb tshwm sim. Nws kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau daim siab - nws provokes kev tawg ntawm glycogen. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov piam thaj nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab lub hlwbnrog rau cov leeg siv los ua lub zog.
YReceptor proteins
Lawv kuj muaj txoj cai tswjfwm. Tib neeg lub cev yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug complex system uas tas li tau txais cov cim qhia ntawm sab nraud thiab sab hauv ib puag ncig. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov hlwb.
Yog li, piv txwv li, cov khoom siv membrane receptors xa cov teeb liab los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv hauv tsev hauv tsev, ib txhij hloov nws. Lawv tswj hwm cov haujlwm ntawm tes los ntawm kev khi rau ib lub ligand nyob rau ntawm ib qho receptor nyob rau sab nraud ntawm tes. Yuav ua li cas thaum kawg? Lwm cov protein nyob rau hauv lub cell yog qhib.
Nws tsim nyog sau ib qho tseem ceeb nuance. Feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj hormones cuam tshuam rau lub cell tsuas yog tias muaj qee yam receptor ntawm nws daim nyias nyias. Tej zaum nws yuav yog glycoprotein lossis lwm cov protein.
Ib qho tuaj yeem muab piv txwv - β2-adrenergic receptor. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm daim siab hlwb. Yog tias muaj kev ntxhov siab, ces adrenaline molecule khi rau nws, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm β2-adrenergic receptor yog qhib. Yuav ua li cas ntxiv? Lub activated receptor activates G-protein, uas txuas ntxiv GTP. Tom qab ntau theem nruab nrab, glycogen phosphorolysis tshwm sim.
Qhov xaus yog dab tsi? Tus receptor tau ua tiav thawj qhov kev ua haujlwm uas ua rau kev tawg ntawm glycogen. Nws hloov tawm tias yog tsis muaj nws, cov kev tshwm sim tom qab tshwm sim hauv lub cell yuav tsis tshwm sim.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov proteins
Ib yam ntxivlub ncauj lus uas yuav tsum tau hais. Hauv biology, muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov proteins uas tseem muaj kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm mRNA synthesis ntawm DNA template. Qhov no hu ua transcription - hloov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces.
Yuav hais li cas txog qhov xwm txheej no? Cov protein ua haujlwm tswj hwm nws tus kheej lossis ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov txo qis lossis nce hauv kev sib txuas tas li ntawm RNA polymerase rau kev tswj hwm cov noob caj ces.
Cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv muaj lub ntsiab lus txhais - muaj ib lossis ntau qhov DNA uas cuam tshuam nrog qee thaj tsam DNA. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub. Tom qab tag nrho, lwm cov proteins uas tseem koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm noob caj noob ces tsis muaj DNA domains. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug cais raws li kev hloov pauv.
YProtein kinases
Thaum tham txog cov ntsiab lus dab tsi ua haujlwm hauv cov hlwb, nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov tshuaj no. Protein kinases yog cov enzymes uas hloov lwm yam proteins los ntawm phosphorylation ntawm amino acid residues nrog hydroxyl pawg nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg (cov no yog tyrosine, threonine thiab serine).
txheej txheem no yog dab tsi? Phosphorylation feem ntau hloov pauv lossis hloov cov haujlwm ntawm cov substrate. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme, los ntawm txoj kev, tuaj yeem hloov pauv, nrog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv lub cell nws tus kheej. Qhov tseeb tiag! Nws tau kwv yees tias kwv yees li 30% ntawm cov protein tuaj yeem ua tauhloov kho los ntawm cov protein kinases.
Thiab lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem taug qab hauv qhov sib cais ntawm pawg phosphate los ntawm ATP thiab txuas ntxiv covalent txuas mus rau tag nrho cov amino acid. Yog li, cov protein kinases muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes. Yog tias lawv txoj haujlwm raug cuam tshuam, ntau yam pathologies tuaj yeem txhim kho, txawm tias qee hom mob qog noj ntshav.
YProtein phosphatase
Txuas ntxiv mus kawm cov yam ntxwv thiab cov piv txwv ntawm kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm, peb yuav tsum xyuam xim rau cov proteins no. Qhov kev txiav txim ua los ntawm cov protein phosphatase yog tshem tawm cov phosphate pawg.
Qhov no txhais li cas? Hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, cov ntsiab lus no ua rau dephosphorylation, txheej txheem uas yog qhov thim rov qab uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov protein kinases.
Txoj cai ntawm kev sib txuas
Koj tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej nws thiab. Splicing yog txheej txheem uas qee cov nucleotide sequences raug tshem tawm ntawm RNA molecules, thiab tom qab ntawd cov sequences uas tau khaws cia hauv "mature" molecule tau koom nrog.
Nws cuam tshuam li cas rau lub ncauj lus uas tau kawm? Nyob rau hauv cov noob caj noob ces eukaryotic, muaj cov cheeb tsam uas tsis code rau cov amino acids. Lawv hu ua introns. Ua ntej, lawv tau muab sau rau hauv pre-mRNA thaum lub sijhawm sau ntawv, tom qab uas cov enzyme tshwj xeeb txiav lawv tawm.
Tsuas yog cov proteins uas muaj cov enzymatically nquag koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas. Tsuas yog lawv muaj peev xwm muab qhov xav tau conformation rau prem-RNA.
Los ntawm txoj kev, tseem muaj lub tswv yim ntawm lwm txoj kev splicing. Nws yog qhov nthuav heevtxheej txheem. Cov proteins uas koom nrog hauv nws tiv thaiv kev txiav tawm ntawm qee qhov introns, tab sis tib lub sijhawm ua rau kev tshem tawm ntawm lwm tus.
Kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm hauv lub cev yog ua los ntawm ntau lub cev, lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Tab sis, txij li thaum peb tab tom tham txog cov protein, ces lub luag hauj lwm ntawm carbohydrates, uas kuj tseem ceeb organic tebchaw, kuj tsim nyog tham txog.
Ntawm no yog lub ncauj lus kom ntxaws heev. Carbohydrate metabolism tag nrho yog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm enzymatic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thiab ib qho ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm nws cov kev cai yog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua enzyme. Nws yog ua tiav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm molecules ntawm ib qho enzyme tshwj xeeb. Los yog raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm biosynthesis ntawm cov tshiab.
Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm carbohydrates yog raws li cov lus pom zoo. Ua ntej, qhov ntau tshaj ntawm cov substrate uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cell provokes lub synthesis ntawm tshiab enzyme molecules, thiab ces lawv biosynthesis yog inhibited (tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog precisely dab tsi cov tsub zuj zuj ntawm metabolic khoom ua rau).
Kev tswj cov roj metabolism
Ib lo lus kawg txog qhov no. Txij li thaum nws yog hais txog cov protein thiab carbohydrates, ces cov rog yuav tsum tau hais.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov metabolism yog cuam tshuam nrog cov metabolism hauv carbohydrate. Yog hais tias qhov concentration ntawm qabzib nyob rau hauv cov ntshav nce, ces qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm triglycerides (rog) txo, vim hais tias lawv synthesis yog activated. Txo nws kom muaj nuj nqis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, muaj kev cuam tshuam inhibitory. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev tawg ntawm cov rog yog txhim kho thiab nrawm.
Los ntawm tag nrho cov no ua raws li qhov yooj yim thiab cov lus xaus. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm carbohydrate thiabCov roj metabolism tsuas yog tsom rau ib qho xwb - kom tau raws li lub zog xav tau los ntawm lub cev.
