Biochemistry yog ib ceg ntawm biology uas kawm txog tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb thiab tag nrho cov kab mob. Nws paub tias yuav luag 98% ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tes muaj xws li oxygen, carbon, nitrogen thiab hydrogen atoms. Cov tshuaj no hu ua organogenic. 1.8% poob ntawm poov tshuaj, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov ntxhia ntsev thiab muaj daim ntawv ntawm cov yooj yim los yog complex ions, kom ntseeg tau cov kev kawm ntawm metabolic tshua. Piv txwv li, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tes sib txuas ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib kis ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces - nucleic acids - muaj cov anions ntawm acid residues ntawm orthophosphoric acid.
Phosphorus-muaj ions kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ATP molecules, uas muab cov hlwb nrog lub zog nyob ntawm. Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav muab cov piv txwv uas lees paub qhov tseem ceebLub luag haujlwm ntawm phosphorus hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov metabolism.
Covalent polar bonds thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv organic uas ua rau muaj sia nyob yog lub peev xwm ntawm lawv cov molecules los tsim ib hom tshuaj lom neeg. Nws yog hu ua covalent polar thiab, tshwm sim ntawm cov atoms ntawm non-metals, txiav txim siab lub ntsiab tshuaj yam ntxwv ntawm cov tebchaw. Biochemistry, kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov molecules ntawm cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag, fungi, tsiaj, tsim lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws muab tawm tias, ntxiv rau nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, lawv kuj suav nrog phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, nws tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev, raws li nws yog ib tug heev tshuaj lom. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem nyob, lub caij muaj cov anions ntawm meta-, ortho- los yog pyrophosphoric acid, uas muaj peev xwm los tsim bonds nrog hlau cations. Nyob rau hauv dab tsi tshuaj ntawm tes lawv yuav nrhiav tau?
Phosphorus hauv cov organic molecules
Proteins ntawm lub cev pob txha, cov tshuaj hormones, vitamins thiab lipids tsim cov tebchaw nrog phosphorus-muaj complex ions. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev muaj complex compounds - phospholipids thiab phosphoproteins, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub molecules ntawm biologically active tshuaj - enzymes thiab steroids. Covalent polar bonds hauv DNA thiab RNA nucleotides muab kev tsim cov phosphodiester bonds hauv nucleic acid chains. Vim li cas phosphorus xav tau nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab dab tsi yog nws lub luag haujlwm hauv cov metabolism? Cia peb pib xav txog cov lus nug no nyob rau theem cellular ntawm lub koom haum.
Qhov chaw ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tes
Raws li cov ntsiab lus hauv cytoplasm thiab organelles (0.2-1%), tsis yog hlau yog nyob rau hauv plaub qhov chaw tom qab organogenic cov ntsiab lus. Qhov feem ntau saturated nrog phosphorus tebchaw yog cov hlwb ntawm cov musculoskeletal system - osteocytes, cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg - dentin. Lawv cov ntsiab lus yog siab nyob rau hauv neurons thiab neuroglia, uas ua rau lub paj hlwb. Phosphorus atoms muaj nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias proteins, nucleic acids thiab lub zog-intensive tshuaj - ATP adenosine triphosphoric acid thiab nyob rau hauv lub txo daim ntawv ntawm nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate - NADP × H 2. Raws li koj tau pom, nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, phosphorus muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tseem ceeb qauv: hlwb, cov ntaub so ntswg, physiological systems.
Nws paub tias theem ntawm homeostasis ntawm ib lub xovtooj, uas yog qhov qhib kev lom neeg, nyob ntawm qhov concentration ntawm ntau yam ions hauv hyaloplasm thiab cov kua nruab nrog cev. Dab tsi yog qhov ua haujlwm ntawm phosphorus hauv kev tswj hwm qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig ntawm tib neeg lub cev?
Buffer system
Vim cov cuab yeej ntawm semi-permeability los ntawm cov txheej txheem txheej txheej, ntau yam tshuaj lossi nkag mus rau hauv lub cell, siab concentration uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom ions ntau dhau, cytoplasm, nrog rau sodium, potassium, calcium cations, muaj cov kua qaub seem ntawm carbonate, sulfite thiab phosphoric acids. Lawv muaj peev xwm hnov mob nrog ntau tshaj ntawm ions uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cell thiab tswj qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov ntsiab lus intracellular. Lub kaw lus tsis, ntxiv rau ions ntawm qaug zog acids, yuav tsum muaj xws li anionsNRO42- 2RO4 - muaj phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, raws li ib feem ntawm lub buffer system, nws ua kom lub physiologically ib txwm kev kawm ntawm metabolic tshua nyob rau hauv lub cellular theem.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Qhov kev tawg ntawm cov organic sib txuas hauv lub cell hu ua aerobic respiration. Nws qhov chaw yog mitochondria. Enzyme complexes nyob rau hauv lub puab folds - lub cristae ntawm organelles. Piv txwv li, ATP-ase system muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalyzed los ntawm enzymes, ATP yog synthesized los ntawm ADP thiab dawb molecules ntawm phosphoric acid - universal zog ntawm cov hlwb, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lawv kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, thiab txav. Nws tsim tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li cov tswv yim yooj yim: ADP + F=ATP. Tom qab ntawd adenosine triphosphoric acid molecules sau nyob rau hauv cytoplasm. Lawv ua haujlwm ua lub zog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab, piv txwv li, hauv cov leeg nqaij thiab hauv cov khoom sib pauv yas. Yog li ntawd, phosphorus nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zog metabolism.
Phosphodiester bonds ntawm heredity molecules
Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm atomic phosphorus tau sau tseg hauv lub cell nucleus, vim tias lub caij yog ib feem ntawm nucleic acids. Tshawb nrhiav rov qab rau xyoo 19th los ntawm Swiss tus kws tshawb fawb F. Miescher, lawv yog biopolymers thiab muaj monomers - nucleotides. Phosphorus tam sim noob qho tib si nyob rau hauv purine thiab pyrimidine hauv paus lawv tus kheej, thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus uas tsim RNA chains thiab DNA supercoil. Nucleic acid monomers muaj peev xwm tsim cov qauv polymer vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm covalent bonds ntawm pentose thiab phosphoric acid residues ntawm nucleotides uas nyob ib sab. Lawv hu ua phosphodiesters. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm DNA thiab RNA molecules uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub hlwb nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub zog gamma hluav taws xob los yog raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lom nrog tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim vim lub tawg ntawm phosphodiester bonds. Nws ua rau cov hlwb tuag.
Biological membranes
Cov qauv uas txwv cov ntsiab lus sab hauv ntawm tes kuj muaj phosphorus. Hauv tib neeg lub cev, txog li 40% ntawm lub cev qhuav dej poob rau cov tebchaw uas muaj phospholipids thiab phosphoproteins. Lawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej membrane, uas tseem muaj cov khoom xws li cov protein thiab carbohydrates. Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm phosphorus yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm cov neurocytes thiab lawv cov txheej txheem - dendrites thiab axons. Phospholipids muab daim nyias nyias nyias, thiab vim muaj cov roj cholesterol molecules, kuj muaj zog. Lawv kuj ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus xa xov thib ob - taw qhia cov molecules uas yog activators ntawm cov proteins uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlab ntsha.
cov qog Parathyroid thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv phosphorus metabolism
zoo li peas, pw ntawm ob lub lobes ntawm cov thyroid caj pas thiab hnyav 0.5-0.8 g txhua, cov qog parathyroid tso tawm cov tshuaj hormones parathyroid. Nws tswj kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus xws licalcium thiab phosphorus nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Lawv lub luag haujlwm yog ua rau osteocytes thiab osteoblasts - cov hlwb ntawm lub cev pob txha, uas, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, pib tso cov ntsev ntawm phosphoric acid rau hauv cov kua dej ntxiv. Nrog hyperfunction ntawm cov qog parathyroid, tib neeg cov pob txha poob lub zog, soften thiab vau, cov ntsiab lus phosphorus hauv lawv poob sharply. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, kev pheej hmoo ntawm pob txha pob txha, pob txha hauv plab thiab lub duav, uas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tus neeg mob lub neej, nce ntxiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov calcium ntau ntxiv. Qhov no ua rau hypercalcemia nrog cov tsos mob ntawm cov hlab ntsha peripheral puas thiab poob ntawm cov leeg pob txha. Parathyroid hormone kuj ua rau lub raum, txo cov phosphorus reabsorption ntawm cov zis thawj. Kev nce hauv phosphate hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub raum ua rau hyperphosphaturia thiab tsim cov pob zeb.
pob txha ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg
Lub hardness, lub zog thiab elasticity ntawm kev txhawb nqa yog nyob ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pob txha hlwb. Osteocytes muaj ob qho tib si organic tebchaw, xws li cov protein ossein, thiab inorganic tshuaj uas muaj calcium thiab magnesium phosphate ntsev. Raws li ib tug neeg muaj hnub nyoog, tus nqi ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av, xws li hydroxyapatites, hauv osteocytes thiab osteoblasts nce. Cov pob txha tsis txawv txav ntawm cov pob txha, kev sib sau ntawm calcium ntsev thiab ntau tshaj phosphorus nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev ua rau poob ntawm elasticity thiab lub zog ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub cev pob txha, yog li cov neeg laus muaj feem yuav raug mob thiab pob txha.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm phosphorus compounds hauv lub cevtib neeg
Cov qog plab loj tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg lub cev - lub siab - ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov metabolism hauv cov tshuaj phosphorus. Parathyroid hormones thiab vitamin D kuj cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem no. Qhov kev xav tau niaj hnub ntawm cov khoom rau cov neeg laus yog 1.0-2.0 grams, rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas - txog li 2.5 g. Phosphorus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsev yooj yim digestible, nrog rau cov complexes nrog cov protein thiab carbohydrates, nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev nrog zaub mov.
Sunflower, taub dag, noob hemp yog saturated nrog nws. Muaj ntau cov phosphorus nyob rau hauv tsiaj cov khoom nyob rau hauv nqaij qaib daim siab, nqaij nyuj, nyuaj cheeses, thiab ntses. Qhov ntau tshaj ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub cev tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm reabsorption muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub raum, siv cov vitamins tsis raug, thiab tsis muaj calcium hauv cov zaub mov. Cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo ntawm phosphorus ntawm tib neeg lub cev yog tshwm sim feem ntau hauv kev puas tsuaj rau cov hlab plawv, ob lub raum thiab pob txha apparatus thiab tej zaum yuav qhia tau hais tias mob loj heev metabolic ntshawv siab.
