Ib feem ntawm kev hais lus tau muab qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Tab sis vim li cas ho kawm lawv hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws? Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog thiaj li tsim tau koj cov lus, ob qho tib si sau thiab hais lus. Yog li ntawd, cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum paub tias cov grammatical pawg twg muaj qee pawg lus.
Part of speech concept
Feem ntau cov lus muaj lub ntsiab lus lexical, uas yog, lawv muaj lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb uas txawv ntawm lwm cov lus hauv Lavxias. Piv txwv li:
Caij nplooj ntoos hlav yog lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj sov.
Khw - ib lub tsev tshwj xeeb rau kev muag khoom lossis kev pabcuam.
Yog tias koj saib lub ntsiab lus lexical nkaus xwb, cov lus no tsis muaj dab tsi sib xws. Tab sis los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, lawv tuaj yeem ua ke rau hauv ib pawg. Lawv teb ib lo lus nug - "dab tsi?". Lawv raug tsis lees paub, thiab hauv kab lus lawv tuaj yeem ua si tib lub luag haujlwm. Raws li cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws, cov lus tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg tshwj xeeb.
Yog li, ib feem ntawm kev hais lus yog ib pawg ntawm cov lus uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov lus sib dhos.
Independent and official
Pebtwb tau pom tias feem ntau ntawm cov lus uas peb siv muaj lub ntsiab lus lexical. Thaum peb sim qhia ib lub tswv yim rau cov neeg tuaj saib, nws yog lawv cov uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Lavxias nws tsis tuaj yeem siv cov lus zoo li no, txwv tsis pub cov lus hais yuav zoo li no: "Paj Masha pom ntau russula nceb." Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias, thawj zaug, cov lus yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv grammatical kom raug, thiab qhov thib ob, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov preposition thiab conjunction.
Qee qhov ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias yog hu ua khoom, kev ua, txheej txheem, kos npe lossis ntau, thiab koj tuaj yeem muab lus nug rau lawv. Nyob rau hauv ib kab lus, lawv ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm syntactic. Cov no yog cov hauv paus tsev blocks uas cov kab lus thiab kab lus raug tsim. Muaj rau yam xws li hauv peb hom lus.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm los tsim cov kab lus nkaus xwb los ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus, yog li kev pabcuam kuj tseem txawv. Lawv tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus lexical, tab sis ua haujlwm qhia kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus muaj txiaj ntsig. Lawv pab ua ke rau hauv kab lus lossis ntxiv cov ntsiab lus ntxoov ntxoo. Ntawm lawv tus kheej, lawv tsis ua lub luag haujlwm syntactic. Cov lus ua haujlwm suav nrog prepositions, conjunctions thiab hais.
Ib pawg lus sib cais yog cov lus hais. Lawv tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus lexical, thiab tsis qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus muaj txiaj ntsig. Ib feem ntawm kev hais lus no qhia txog kev xav ntawm tus hais lus. Lawv tuaj yeem qhia kev xyiv fab, ntshai, zoo siab, mob, thiab lwm yam, piv txwv li, "ah", "cheers", "oh", "ah". Lawv kuj pab rau onomatopoeia: "meow", "moo", "tic-tac", "crow".
Yog li, hauv Lavxias muaj kaumib feem ntawm kev hais lus.
Noun
Nouns denote khoom lossis tib neeg thiab teb cov lus nug "leej twg?" los yog "dab tsi?". Lawv muaj grammatical pawg ntawm poj niam txiv neej, naj npawb thiab rooj plaub.
Hauv kab lus, cov npe tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm sib luag, tab sis feem ntau lawv yog cov ncauj lus thiab khoom.
Piv txwv:
Tus kws sau paj huam. - "Poet" plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thiab "verses" - ntxiv.
Kev vam meej yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. - "Qhov tshwm sim" plays lub luag haujlwm syntactic ntawm tus predicate.
Tus tub zaum ntawm rooj. - "Hauv lub rooj" ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov xwm txheej.
Nws yuav lub tsho tsho. - "Collared" yog qhov txhais.
Adjectives denote ib tug kos npe rau ntawm ib tug neeg los yog khoom. Lawv teb cov lus nug "dab tsi?", "leej twg?" Lawv hloov ntawm poj niam txiv neej, tus lej, thiab rooj plaub, ib yam li cov npe. Feem ntau lawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txhais.
Txawm li cas los xij, ib yam yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Dab tsi ntawm kev hais lus yog lo lus "mob"? Cov lus teb zoo li pom tseeb: ib qho lus piav qhia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kab lus: "Tus neeg mob ua raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm tus kws kho mob," qhov no yog ib lub npe. Adjectives nyiam txav mus rau lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus. Nco ntsoov, txawm li cas los xij, cov grammatical pawg tau khaws cia. Qhov ntawd yog, cov lus no yuav inclined ua adjectives, thiab tsis yog lub npe.
Vajtswv
Cov lus qhia ua haujlwmlos yog xeev. Lawv teb cov lus nug "Yuav ua li cas?", "Yuav ua li cas?".
kab lus sau npe:
- view - perfect, imperfect;
- face - thawj, thib ob, thib peb;
- gender - txiv neej, poj niam, nruab nrab;
- num - tus lej, ntau ntau;
- inclination - qhia, subjunctive, imperative;
- sijhawm - tam sim no, yav dhau los, yav tom ntej;
- pledge - nquag, passive.
Muaj cov lus tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus qhia: infinitive, participle thiab participle. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev xav tsis meej txog ob qhov kawg. Qee cov lus nug tau nug txog seb cov lus no puas tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog qee qhov ntawm kev hais lus es tsis yog cov lus hais.
npe npe
Tus lej qhia tus lej lossis xaj khoom thiab teb cov lus nug "ntau npaum li cas?", "Qhov twg?".
Cov lej hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- quantitative,
- feem ntau,
- kwv txhiaj,
- Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
Tus lej raug tsis lees paub los ntawm rooj plaub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov thawj coj kuj muaj cov qeb ntawm tus lej thiab poj niam txiv neej. Nyob rau hauv nominative thiab accusative rooj plaub, cardinal tooj ua si tib syntactic luag hauj lwm nrog nouns. Txoj cai no tsis siv rau cov thawj coj.
Pronoun
Cov lus yog siv los hais txog cov khoom, kos npe lossis ntau, tab sis lawv tsis muaj npe tshwj xeeb. Raws li, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov ncauj lus, ntxiv thiab xwm txheej.
Adverb
Adverbs qhia cov cim ntawm kev ua. Teb cov lus nug "Qhov twg?""thaum twg?", "qhov twg?", "ua li cas?" etc. Piv txwv ntawm adverbs: ntev, nyob ntsiag to, ntxov, ntawm no, txhua lub sijhawm, thaum sawv ntxov.
Cov lus qhuab qhia yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus. Hauv kab lus, nws feem ntau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov xwm txheej.
Cov lus qhia thiab lus piav qhia
Raws li peb twb paub lawm, muaj peb qhov kev pabcuam ntawm kev hais lus:
- preposition - qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom ("hauv", "y", "saum toj", "tsis muaj", "thaum", "ua tsaug");
- union - txuas cov tswv cuab ntawm ib kab lus thiab ntu ntawm kab lus nyuaj ("thiab", "a", "lossis", "tseem"; "yog", "txawm tias", "yog");
- particle - muab qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntxiv rau cov lus lossis kab lus (“yog”, “tsis yog”, “-los yog”, “yuav”, “yog”, “zoo”, “txawm yog”).
Kev cuam tshuam qhia qhov kev xav-lub siab nyiam ntawm tus neeg hais lus rau cov xwm txheej tshwm sim. Cov pab pawg hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- non-derivatives - "ah", "oh", "ah";
- derivatives - "txaus ntshai", "teeb meem", "tawm";
- onomatopoeia - "too-too", "tic-tac", "woof-woof".
Linguists feem ntau faib onomatopoeia ua ib pawg ntawm cov lus.
mob nyuaj
Nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim los txiav txim siab seb qeb twg ib lo lus twg yog los ntawm. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov lus tsis hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, koj yuav tsum tau saib qhov kev thov tag nrho.
Piv txwv li, nqe lus dab tsi yog "yuav ua li cas"? Nov yog cov kev xaiv:
- "Yuav ua li cas kawm cov lus sib npaug?" - adverb.
- "Nws luag zoo li me me" - union.
- "Kuv tau tos koj ntev npaum li cas!" - amplifying particle.
Bxaus
Kev paub txog cov lus hais tso cai rau tus neeg los tsim cov kab lus kom raug. Tus neeg hais lus yuav paub tias lo lus no txawv ntawm dab tsi, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem tsis lees paub, thiab lwm yam. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, nws yuav tsis tas yuav ntsej muag rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov phooj ywg lossis hauv kev sib tham ua lag luam.
