Qos yaj ywm nyob yuav luag qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg kev noj haus, yielding hauv kev noj tsuas yog qhob cij. Tab sis ob peb tus neeg xav txog qhov nyuaj npaum li cas cov nroj tsuag no los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb rau nws.
Zoo yam ntxwv
qos yaj ywm yog ib qho ntawm cov zaub mov ua qoob loo. Nws tsis tsuas yog nyob rau qib 1 ntawm cov qoob loo rau kev tsim cov protein, tab sis kuj muaj ib qho ntawm cov qib siab tshaj plaws.
Lub teb chaws ntawm cov qos yaj ywm yog thaj chaw sov ntawm sab av loj ntawm South America. Thawj qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm yog nyob rau hauv Bolivia thiab Peru, nyob rau hauv lub highlands ntawm lub Andes (altitude 2000-4800 m saum toj no hiav txwv theem), thiab nyob rau hauv lub temperate aav ntawm Chile (0-250 m saum toj no hiav txwv theem).
Tus txiv neej qhia qos yaj ywm rau hauv kab lis kev cai tshaj 8,000 xyoo dhau los. Thaum pib, thaj chaw uas nws tau cog qoob loo yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Peru thiab Northwest Bolivia. Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Peter I. Nws yog qhov notus thawj coj tau cai lij choj rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm.
qos ntoo yog ib tsob ntoo uas muaj 4-8 stems. Branching nyob ntawm lub sij hawm ripening. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ripening ntau yam, raws li ib tug txoj cai, muaj ib tug tsis muaj zog branching ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qia, thiab nyob rau hauv lig ripening - muaj zog. Cov qos yaj ywm loj, los yog ib lub tuber, tsim cov tua nrog ntau stems dua li me me.
Qos ntoo tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov nplooj. Cov nplooj tuaj yeem tsis muaj zog, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov tua thaum cov stems yuav luag tsis pom qab ntau nplooj. Raws li cov duab ntawm Bush, ntau yam nrog compact bushes, sprawling thiab semi-spreading bushes yog txawv. Raws li txoj hauj lwm ntawm stems, erect, sprawling thiab semi-spreading bushes yog txawv.
Root system
Raws li rau lub hauv paus system ntawm qos yaj ywm, nws yog fibrous thiab qhov tseeb yog ib tug sau ntawm cov hauv paus system ntawm ib tug neeg stems. Kev nkag mus ntawm cov hauv paus hniav rau hauv av feem ntau nyob ntawm nws hom. Tab sis qhov nruab nrab, qhov nkag mus tob yog li ntawm 20 mus rau 40 cm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv txheej arable, cov hauv paus hniav loj hlob mus rau sab los ntawm 50-60 cm.
Aerial ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag: qos yaj ywm nplooj thiab paj
Daim ntawv yog ib qho yooj yim unpaired pinnately dissected hom. Yog tias peb xav txog nws cov khoom, peb tuaj yeem pom ob peb khub ntawm lobes, lobules thiab lobules, uas nyob hauv ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub ntsiab petiole. Thiab ib nplooj ntawm qos yaj ywm xaussib koom tsis tau. Cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm nplooj (lub degree ntawm dissection, qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm lub lobes, qhov loj thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm petiole) yog ib qho tseem ceeb varietal yam ntxwv. Cov nplooj nplooj yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv qis qis, xim txawv ntawm daj-ntsuab mus rau tsaus ntsuab.
qos yaj ywm inflorescence yog ib txheej ntawm rab rawg-puab divergent curls, tus naj npawb ntawm cov uas yog los ntawm 2 mus rau 4. Lawv nyob rau ntawm lub peduncle, uas yog pw nyob rau hauv lub axil ntawm nplooj (6-8). Qos paj yog 5-membered, muaj ib tug cleavage calyx thiab tsis tiav fused dawb, liab-violet, xiav-violet los yog xiav corolla lobes. Tus naj npawb ntawm stamens yog 5. Lawv cov anthers yog daj lossis txiv kab ntxwv. Ovary superior, feem ntau yog ob-locular.
Mechanism ntawm tuber formation
Qos yaj ywm tuber yog kev khiav tawm, tab sis tsis yog saum toj no, tab sis hauv av. Nws tsim yog raws li nram no. Vim qhov nce concentration ntawm cov as-ham nyob rau hauv lub Upper ib feem ntawm tuber, thaum cog, lub buds ntawm tsis yog txhua txhua ob lub qhov muag germinate, tab sis tsuas yog cov nyob rau hauv nws sab sauv sab. Cov xim ntawm sprouts nyob ntawm ntau yam thiab tuaj yeem yog ntsuab, liab-violet lossis xiav-violet. Thaum cov nroj tsuag nce mus txog qhov siab ntawm 10-20 cm, nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm nws stems muab nce mus tua - stolons, lub thickness thiab ntev yog 2-3 hli thiab 5-15 cm, feem. Lawv qhov kawg maj mam thicken, yog li tig mus rau hauv tubers.
qauv ntawm tuber
Qos yaj ywm tuber yog luv luv thickened qia, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm ntauzoo sib xws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev loj hlob. Qhov no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, muaj cov nplooj scaly, nyob rau hauv lub axils ntawm so buds yog tsim, tus naj npawb ntawm uas txawv ntawm 2 mus rau 4 nyob rau hauv txhua lub qhov muag. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov zoo sib xws yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib hloov zoo sib xws thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab vascular bundles hauv tubers thiab stems. Thiab qhov tsim ntawm chlorophyll nyob rau hauv lub tuber yuav tshwm sim thaum nws hloov ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm lub teeb. Tias yog vim li cas hauv qhov chaw cia khoom tsis zoo los ntawm lub teeb, cov qos yaj ywm ntsuab feem ntau pom, uas tsis tuaj yeem noj.
Lub sab sauv, cov tub ntxhais hluas tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuber muaj ob lub qhov muag ntau dua li nruab nrab, thiab ntau dua li qhov qub, qis dua, lossis qhov ncauj. Yog li ntawd, lub buds ntawm apical ib feem txhim kho kom muaj zog thiab siv tau ntau dua. Nws yog paub tias feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov muag, lub hauv paus raum, uas yog lub feem ntau tsim, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov germinates. Yog hais tias lub sprout raug tshem tawm, spare buds pib tsim thiab pib loj hlob, cov nroj tsuag los ntawm uas yuav tsis muaj zog tshaj los ntawm lub hauv paus bud. Yog li ntawd, noob qos yaj ywm thaum lub caij ntuj no cia yuav tsum tsis tu ncua los ntawm sprouts. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau qhov tseeb tias cov nroj tsuag yuav tsis tsim los ntawm lub raum hauv nruab nrab, tab sis los ntawm cov khoom seem, uas yog, lawv yuav tsis muaj zog.
Ib tug tub hluas qos yaj ywm npog txheej txheej ntawm cov epidermis, uas tom qab hloov los ntawm ib tug ntom, breathable, integumentary ntaub so ntswg - lub periderm. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tuber, daim tawv nqaij ntawm tuber yog tsim los ntawm txheej txheej. Kev siv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no tau pom thaum cov saum tau tshem tawm ob peb hnub ua ntej sau qoob.
Ua pa ntawm tubers thiab evaporation ntawm noo noo yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm lentils. Lawv nteg nyob rau hauv lub stomata ntawm tawm tuber tshwm sim ib txhij nrog tsim ntawm periderm. Nws yog los ntawm lawv cov pa oxygen nkag mus rau hauv tuber thiab carbon dioxide thiab dej vapor raug tshem tawm.
Puas tub qauv nyob ntawm cov qos yaj ywm ntau yam
Tus qauv ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tuber nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thiab lig ntau yam yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, cov kab lig kev cai yog qhov muaj cov ntaub so ntswg denser hauv tubers.
Tubers tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam duab, nyob ntawm ntau yam thiab kev loj hlob. Cov duab xaiv - puag ncig, elongated, oval, round-oval, turnip, chim-puab, thiab lwm yam.
Cov ntau yam nrog cov tubers puag ncig thiab ob lub qhov muag muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Cov duab no yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau kev cog qoob loo thiab sau qoob loo, thaum qhov chaw ntiav ntawm ob lub qhov muag yooj yim rau kev tshem tawm thiab ntxuav.
Cov xim ntawm cov tubers sib txawv heev - dawb, lub teeb daj, paj yeeb, liab, liab thiab xiav-violet. Yog li, tus qauv sab nraud ntawm qos tuber yog ib qho khoom siv sib txawv. Cov nqaij ntawm tubers kuj txawv ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo: nws tuaj yeem yog xim dawb, daj lossis daj.
qos tuber: tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Lub xeev tob tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntuj tub dormancy yog pom thaum lub sijhawm sau qoob loo hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg. Raws li lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ze, nws maj mam tsis muaj zog, raws li kev loj hlob inhibitors twb lawmtsis active. Lub sijhawm no, kev tsim cov tshuaj uas txhawb kev loj hlob tshwm sim. Lawv txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm lub raum.
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, hauv chav qhuav nrog cua kub ntawm 1-3 ° C, qos yaj ywm khaws cia zoo yam tsis muaj germinating rau 6-7 lub hlis. Tom qab lub sijhawm no, nrog rau qhov kub ntawm huab cua mus rau 10-12 ° C thiab muaj cov pa oxygen txaus, cov txheej txheem loj hlob pib.
Qos yaj ywm tuber muaj cov khoom noj tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv thawj lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej. Nws cov khoom qhuav muaj ntau dua 26 yam tshuaj sib txawv. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav txawv nyob ntawm ntau yam, av, climatic tej yam kev mob thiab chiv.
Cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm ntau yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tubers yog raws li nram no: dej 75%, starch 20.4%, qab zib 0.3%, crude protein 2%, rog 0.1%, fiber 1.1%, tshauv 1.1%.
Starch hauv qos tubers cuam tshuam rau saj. Qhov ntau starch, lub tastier lub qos yaj ywm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm crude protein, lub palatability, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, deteriorates. Los ntawm starchyness, cov khoom ua noj ntawm qos yaj ywm raug txiav txim. Nws qhov kev nce ntxiv ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov nqaij mos, txhim kho kev zom zaub mov.
Reproduction
qos yaj ywm tuaj yeem ua tau ob txoj hauv kev - vegetatively thiab kev sib deev.
Txoj kev cog qoob loo ntawm kev yug me nyuam yog cog qos yaj ywm los ntawm tubers. Txoj kev no tseem suav nrog kev rov tsim dua siv ntu ntawm stems, uas nws yuav tsum yogmuaj ib tug apical los yog ob peb lateral vegetative buds.
Txoj kev uas feem ntau yog cog qos yaj ywm los ntawm tubers. Thiab qia cuttings yog cog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas tus naj npawb ntawm tubers yog txwv, thiab ib co tshiab muaj txiaj ntsim ntau yam yuav tsum tau ib tug ceev qhia rau kev xyaum.
Lub tshuab ntawm qos yaj ywm kev sib deev yog qhov nyuaj dua thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov noob tiag tiag uas tsim hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo (txiv lws suav) uas tsim rau ntawm stems ntawm cov neeg laus cog kab mob. Lub peculiarity yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib deev kev sib deev, tag nrho cov ntxhais nroj tsuag muaj ntau haiv neeg. Cov noob uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau hom nroj tsuag, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg yuav rov ua cov yam ntxwv ntawm niam cov nroj tsuag.
