Cov yawg koob lub tsev nyob qhov twg? Dab tsi versions tau muab tso rau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov no? Nyeem tsab xov xwm thiab koj yuav pom cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no. Lub ethnogenesis ntawm Slavs yog tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ib haiv neeg Qub Slavic zej zog, uas coj mus rau kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg no los ntawm pawg neeg ntawm Indo-European pawg. Niaj hnub no tsis muaj kev lees paub dav dav ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm pawg neeg Slavic.
Thawj pov thawj
Lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Slavs txaus siab rau ntau tus kws tshaj lij. Cov neeg no tau ua pov thawj thawj zaug hauv Byzantine cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 6th. Retrospectively, cov ntaub ntawv no hais txog cov Slavs nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th. Cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los yog hais txog cov neeg uas koom nrog hauv ethnogenesis ntawm Slavs (Bastarns), tab sis qib ntawm lawv txoj kev koom tes hauv kev sib txawv ntawm cov keeb kwm kev sib txawv.
Sau ntawv lees paub ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm VI xyoo pua los ntawm Byzantium hais txog cov neeg uas twb tau tsim lawm, muab faib ua Antes thiab Slavs. Wends tau hais tias yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Slavs hauv kev coj rov qab. Cov pov thawj ntawm cov sau phau ntawv ntawm Roman era (I-II centuries) txog lub Wends tsis tso cai rau lawv.txuas nrog qee cov kab lis kev cai qub ntawm Slavs.
Definition
Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Slavs tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab. Archaeologists hu ib co archaic kab lis kev cai pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Hauv kev qhia ntawv, tsis muaj ib qho kev xav ntawm haiv neeg pedigree ntawm cov neeg muaj kev vam meej yav dhau los thiab lawv txoj kev sib txuas nrog cov Slavic tom qab. Linguists kuj muaj kev xav sib txawv txog lub sijhawm tshwm sim ntawm cov lus uas tuaj yeem hu ua Slavic lossis Proto-Slavic. Cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no xav tias qhov kev sib cais ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus los ntawm Proto-Indo-European nyob rau hauv ib colossal ntau yam los ntawm 2nd xyoo txhiab BC mus rau 2 xyoo txhiab BC. e. mus txog rau thawj centuries A. D. e.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm, keeb kwm thiab ntau yam ntawm Rusyns thaum ub tau kawm los ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb: keeb kwm, kev paub lus, noob caj noob ces, paleoanthropology, archaeology.
Indo-Europeans
Lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov Slavs zoo siab rau ntau lub siab niaj hnub no. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Bronze Age nyob rau hauv Central Europe muaj ib tug ethno-linguistic zej zog ntawm Indo-European haiv neeg. Txoj haujlwm ntawm ib pawg neeg hais lus rau nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Tus xibfwb German G. Krae xaus lus tias thaum cov lus Indo-Iranian, Anatolian, Greek thiab Armenian twb tau sib cais thiab tsim nws tus kheej, Celtic, Italic, Illyrian, Germanic, B altic thiab Slavic cov lus tsuas yog cov lus ntawm ib leeg xwb. Indo-European lus. Cov neeg European thaum ub, uas nyob hauv nruab nrab Tebchaws Europe sab qaum teb ntawm Alps, tau tsim cov ntsiab lus sib xws hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, kev ntseeg thiab kev sib raug zoo.
haiv neeg sab hnub tuaj
Thiab lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Eastern Slavs nyob qhov twg? Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg no, uas tswj kom sib koom ua ke rau hauv ib qho tag nrho (raws li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb), ua rau cov pej xeem tseem ceeb ntawm Medieval Ancient Russia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim tom qab kev nom kev tswv stratification ntawm cov neeg no, peb haiv neeg tau tsim los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th: Belarusian, Lavxias teb sab thiab Ukrainian.
Leej twg yog Eastern Rusyns? Qhov no yog kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg Lavxias uas siv cov lus East Slavic hauv lawv cov lus. Lub npe "Lavxias teb sab Slavs" kuj tau siv los ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb thaum ntxov. Ib tug Eastern Slav… Muaj tsawg tus neeg paub txog nws keeb kwm. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog tsis muaj tus kheej sau ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov chaw deb ntawm cov chaw ua neeg vam meej ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Eastern Slav tau piav qhia hauv Byzantine, Arabic thiab Persian sau ntawv. Qee cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws tau pom siv kev sib piv ntawm cov lus Slavic thiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm qub.
Kev nthuav dav
Lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov Slavs thiab lawv cov chaw nyob yog tham los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Qee tus ntseeg tias qhov kev nthuav dav tshwm sim vim muaj cov neeg tawg rog tshwm sim los ntawm huab cua sov lossis qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ua liaj ua teb tshiab, thaum lwm tus ntseeg tias nws yog qhov txhaum ntawm Great Migration of Peoples, uas tau rhuav tshem ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Europe hauv thawj centuries ntawm peb. Lub sijhawm thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm Sarmatians, Germans, Avars, Huns, Bulgars thiab Russians.
Tsuas yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Slavs yog txuam nrog cov pejxeem ntawm Przeworsk kab lis kev cai. Cov neeg no nyob rau sab hnub poob ciam teb ntawm Celtic thiab Germanic pab pawg neegntiaj teb, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj - nrog cov neeg Finno-Ugric thiab cov B alts, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb - nrog cov Sarmatians. Qee cov neeg saib xyuas xav tias lub sijhawm no tseem muaj kev sib koom ua ke Slavic-B altic txuas ntxiv, uas yog, cov pab pawg no tseem tsis tau tawg tag.
Tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm Krivichi hauv cheeb tsam Smolensk Dnieper. Lub Tushemla kev vam meej yav dhau los muaj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, cov haiv neeg uas cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm saib nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Nws tau hloov los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub Slavic nkaus xwb, thiab Tushemla thaj chaw raug puas tsuaj, txij li thaum lub sijhawm ntawd cov Slavs tseem tsis tau nyob hauv nroog.
Cov Lus Qhia
Cov pab pawg neeg Slavic thaum ub feem ntau tau kawm los ntawm cov kws paub lus Askiv nto moo ON Trubachev. Nws tau tshuaj xyuas cov lus Slavic ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hlau, cov tais diav thiab lwm yam khoom siv tes ua thiab xaus lus tias cov neeg hais lus ntawm Cov Lus Slavic qub (lossis lawv cov yawgkoob) thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog tau koom tes nrog Italics thiab Germans, uas yog, Indo-Europeans ntawm Central Europe. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thaum ub tau cais tawm ntawm Indo-European haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Danube (sab qaum teb ntawm lub Balkans), tom qab ntawd lawv tsiv teb tsaws thiab sib xyaw nrog lwm haiv neeg. Trubachev hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev hais lus lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib cais ntawm Proto-Slavic dialect los ntawm Indo-European ib qho vim lawv qhov chaw nyob sib ze.
Ntau tus neeg txhais lus sib cav tias cov lus Slavic ib txwm pib tsim nyob rau thawj ib puas xyoo AD. e. Ib txhia hu rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st AD. e. Raws li glottochronology, Slavic yog ib hom lus txawvnyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 2nd BC. e. Qee tus kws txhais lus muab hnub ua ntej.
Vocabulary analysis
Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Slavs. Ntau tus tau sim txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas lawv cov lus qub. F. P. Filin ntseeg hais tias cov neeg no tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib txoj siv hav zoov uas muaj ntau ntawm swamps thiab pas dej, deb ntawm hiav txwv, steppes thiab roob.
Rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib cav nto moo beech, Polish botanist Yu. Rostafinsky sim ua kom cov yawg koob ntawm cov Slavs nyob rau hauv 1908: "Cov Slavs pauv lub npe Indo-European lub npe ntawm beech mus rau willow, willow thiab tsis. paub beech, fir thiab larch. " Lo lus "beech" yog qiv los ntawm German hais lus. Niaj hnub no, sab hnub tuaj ciam teb ntawm irradiation ntawm tsob ntoo no nyob ze ntawm txoj kab Odessa - Kaliningrad, txawm li cas los xij, kev sim cov paj ntoos hauv pob txha pob txha pom tau hais tias nws qhov dav dav nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm.
Nyob rau hnub nyoog Bronze, beech loj hlob nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua thaj av ntawm Eastern Europe (tshwj tsis yog cov sab qaum teb). Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog hlau, thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub Slavic ethnos (raws li feem ntau historians), beech seem tau pom nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm Russia, lub Carpathians, lub Caucasus, lub Crimea thiab lub Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam. Los ntawm qhov no nws ua raws li hais tias sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Russia, sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine, Belarus tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw zoo li Slavic ethnogenesis.
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob (Novgorod muaj) beech loj hlob rov qab rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Niaj hnub no muaj beech hav zoov nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab Western Europe, Poland, Carpathians, thiab cov Balkans. Hauv nws qhov chaw nyob, fir tsis loj hlob ntawm thaj av ntawm Carpathians thiab ciam teb sab hnub tuajPoland mus rau lub Volga. Ua tsaug rau qhov nuance no, lub teb chaws ntawm Rusyns tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw hauv Belarus lossis Ukraine, yog tias qhov kev kwv yees ntawm cov kws paub lus Askiv txog cov lus qhia ntawm cov neeg no yog qhov tseeb.
Hauv txhua hom lus Slavic (thiab B altic) muaj lo lus "linden", uas qhia txog tib tsob ntoo. Li no lub tswv yim hais txog kev sib tshooj ntawm ntau yam ntawm linden nrog lub teb chaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab pawg neeg tau tshwm sim, tab sis vim muaj qhov nthuav dav ntawm cov nroj tsuag no, nws tsis raug coj mus rau hauv tus account.
Daim ntawv qhia ntawm Soviet philologists
Lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Slavs thiab lawv cov ethnogenesis yog txaus siab rau ntau tus kws tshaj lij. Cov av ntawm sab qaum teb Ukraine thiab Belarus yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm B altic toponymy. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb ntawm Soviet cov kws tshawb fawb philologists O. N. Trubachev thiab V. N. Toporov tau qhia tias B altic hydronyms nyob rau hauv Upper Dnieper cheeb tsam feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog Slavic suffixes. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov neeg no tau tshwm sim tom qab lub B alts. Qhov tsis sib xws no raug tshem tawm yog tias peb lees paub qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus kheej cov lus piav qhia txog kev sib cais ntawm Proto-Slavic dialect los ntawm cov lus B altic dav dav.
V. N. Toporov lub tswv yim
B. N. Toporov ntseeg hais tias B altic hais lus nyob ze tshaj plaws rau thawj Indo-European, thaum tag nrho lwm yam lus Indo-European nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob tsiv tawm ntawm lawv cov qub xeev. Nws sib cav hais tias Proto-Slavic dialect yog B altic yav qab teb peripheral dialect, uas tau dhau mus rau Proto-Slavic txij li xyoo pua 5 BC. e. thiab tom qab ntawd hloov nws tus kheej mus rau hauv cov lus qub ntawm Rusyns.
Versions
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog keeb kwm thiabLub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Slavs tseem niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era, ob lub ntsiab versions ntawm ethnogenesis ntawm Rusyns tau dav:
- Polish (txhais lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov Slavs nyob rau hauv lub interfluve ntawm Oder thiab Vistula).
- Autochthonous (tsim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm theoretical views ntawm Soviet kws tshawb fawb Marr).
Ob qhov kev tsim kho tshiab tau pom zoo ua ntej nrog Slavic keeb kwm ntawm cov kab lis kev cai thaum ntxov hauv thaj av uas nyob hauv Rusyns nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab qee qhov qub qub ntawm cov lus ntawm cov neeg no, autonomously tsim los ntawm Proto- Indo-European.
Cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sib txawv ntawm cov lus piav qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb tau ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim tshiab raws li kev faib tawm ntawm cov tseem ceeb ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Slavic haiv neeg thiab nws cov kev faib tawm los ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws mus rau thaj chaw nyob sib ze.
Kev qhuab qhia kev kawm tsis tau ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim cov ethnogenesis ntawm Slavs. Niaj hnub no, tsis muaj ib qho kev lees paub feem ntau ua rau muaj kev coj noj coj ua qub rau cov neeg no. Hauv qhov no, lub cim qhia ntawm qhov tsis muaj hom lus ntawm cov lus Rusyn thaum ub tuaj yeem cog lus.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm ethnogenesis ntawm Russians raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib qho kev kawm txuj ci. Cov kev xav tam sim no sim ua ke cov kev paub ntawm txhua qhov kev qhuab qhia keeb kwm. Feem ntau, nws tau xav tias Slavic haiv neeg tau tshwm sim vim kev sib koom ua ke ntawm haiv neeg sib txawv Indo-European cov zej zog thaum tig ntawm Scytho-Sarmatians thiab B alts, nrog kev koom tes ntawm Finnish, Celtic thiab lwm yam.substrates.
Hypotheses of scientists
Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis paub meej tias pawg neeg Slavic BC. e. muaj nyob. Qhov no tsuas yog ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov lus Askiv. Tsis muaj pov thawj tias cov Slavs tau nqis los ntawm B alts. Siv ntau qhov chaw, cov xibfwb tsim cov kev xav txog cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Russians. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tsuas yog txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm Slavic poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lub npe sib txawv rau kev sib cais ntawm Slavs los ntawm Indo-European zej zog.
Muaj ntau qhov kev xav raws li cov Rusyns thiab lawv cov yawg koob tau muaj txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua III BC. e. (O. N. Trubachev), txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua II AD. e. (Polish kev kawm T. Ler-Splavinsky, K. Yazhzhevsky, Yu. Kostshevsky thiab lwm tus), los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub II xyoo txhiab BC. e. (Polish xib fwb F. Slavsky), los ntawm lub xyoo pua VI. BC e. (L. Niederle, M. Vasmer, P. J. Shafarik, S. B. Bernstein).
Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxov tshaj plaws txog thaj av txiv yawg koob ntawm Slavs tuaj yeem pom hauv cov haujlwm ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm ntawm 18th-19th centuries. V. O. Klyuchevsky, S. M. Solovyov, N. M. Karamzin. Hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb, lawv cia siab rau Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo thiab xaus lus tias Danube River thiab Balkans yog thaj av qub ntawm Rusyns.
