Sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino redoubt: cov ntsiab lus

Cov txheej txheem:

Sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino redoubt: cov ntsiab lus
Sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino redoubt: cov ntsiab lus
Anonim

Kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ib puag ncig Shevardinsky Redoubt tau tshwm sim nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino thiab suav tias yog nws cov lus tshaj tawm. Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau kev tswj hwm lub fortification tseem ceeb tau pib vim Napoleon xav tau txoj haujlwm zoo dua rau kev tawm tsam tom ntej, thiab Kutuzov xav ncua sij hawm xav tau los tsim nws cov tub rog.

Hnub ua ntej

Thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Lub Yim Hli 24 (Lub Cuaj Hli 5), 1812, Fabkis thawj zaug tau los ze rau Lavxias txoj haujlwm. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntxov tshaj plaws pib nyob ze ntawm Kolotsk Monastery. Cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog nyob 8 km ntawm qhov ntawd. Lub rearguard ntawm Pyotr Konovnitsyn yog thawj zaug raug ntaus. Tom qab ntau teev ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, nws thiab nws cov tub rog tau hla tus dej Kolocha thiab nres ze ntawm lub zos Shevardino.

Kutuzov xav tau los yuav lub sijhawm los ua kom tiav kev npaj ua haujlwm engineering rau kev tsim kho lub fortifications. Yog li ntawd, nws tau xaiv lub zos Shevardino ua qhov chaw ncua rau Fabkis. Hnub ua ntej, lub pentagonal redoubt tau tsim nyob rau ntawd. Thaum xub thawj nws raug suav hais tias yog ib feem ntawm sab laug flank. Thaum cov haujlwm Lavxias raug thawb rov qab, Shevardinsky redoubt tau los uaywj siab rau pem hauv ntej txoj hauj lwm.

Pom lub fortification, Napoleon tam sim ntawd kom ntes nws. Lub ntsiab lus yog tias nws tiv thaiv Fabkis cov tub rog los ntawm kev xa mus. Peb qhov kev faib zoo tshaj plaws uas yog ib feem ntawm Davout lub koom haum, nrog rau cov tub rog Polish ntawm Jozef Poniatowski, tau mus tawm tsam. Interestingly, lub ntsiab Fabkis tub rog pib siv nyob rau hauv lub teb mus rau sab qaum teb hnub poob thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Borodino. Kutuzov xav raws nraim qhov no. Txawm li cas los xij, Napoleon twv tus neeg sib tw txoj kev npaj thiab tsis lees txais nws txoj cai ntawm qhov kev ua si. Tias yog vim li cas Fabkis cov peev txheej tau piav qhia cov tub rog tawm tsam qhov tsis txaus ntseeg raws li txoj cai ntawm Bonaparte cov tub rog.

sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardinsky redoubt
sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardinsky redoubt

Russian tub rog

Shevardinsky redoubt tau tiv thaiv raws li cov lus txib ntawm Lieutenant General Andrei Gorchakov. Qhov no yog Suvorov tus tub xeeb ntxwv, uas twb tau paub nws tus kheej hauv kev sib tw Swiss thiab Italian. Nws tau los ua ib tug general thaum muaj hnub nyoog 21 xyoos. Gorchakov yog subordinate rau lub 27th division ntawm Dmitry Neverovsky, ob peb regiments ntawm cavalry, raws li zoo raws li ib tug detachment ntawm militia. Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardinsky redoubt tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus siab rau cov dav dav. Nws muaj 11 txhiab tus tub rog ntawm nws pov tseg, thaum Napoleon xa 35 txhiab mus tua.

Gorchakov lub zog tau npaj raws li hauv qab no. Ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg yog 12 rab phom los ntawm 12 lub tuam txhab roj teeb, txib los ntawm Lieutenant Colonel Winsper. Hauv qab lawv yog 27th Infantry Division. Lub Simbirsk thiab Odessa regiments tau nyob rau hauv thawj kab. Hauv qhov thib ob - Tarnopol thiab Vilensky. Chasseur regiments (6 nyob rau hauv tag nrho) nyob ze Aleksinka ntawm sab xis ntawm tus dej Kolocha. Muaj ntau kwj hathiab bushes. Tib lub tsev nyob hauv Doroninskaya hav zoov nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog Doronino.

sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino Redoubt
sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino Redoubt

Rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub zos Shevardino, los ntawm qhov uas Shevardinsky redoubt tau txais nws lub npe, lub Chernigov thiab Kharkov dragoon regiments coj lawv txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub fortification, ntawm ib lub toj, muaj yim-phom roj teeb ntawm lub tuam txhab 9th cavalry. Nws tau them los ntawm ob pawg tub rog uas yog ib feem ntawm Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment. Nyob rau sab xis ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, cov phom ntawm 23rd Light Company, nrog rau cov phom loj ntawm 9th Cavalry Company thiab 21st Light Company tau ua haujlwm.

2nd cuirassier division xaus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab rear. Nws tau txib los ntawm Major General Ilya Duka. Lub 2nd Grenadier Division ntawm Charles ntawm Mecklenburg nyob ze Kamenka. Lwm 4 battalions sawv ze ntawm lub zos Semenovskaya. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, thaum sib ntaus sib tua rau lub Shevardinsky Redoubt pib, Gorchakov muaj 46 phom, 38 cavalry squadrons thiab 36 infantry battalions. Rau nws sab laug yog ib tug hav zoov, thiab rau nws sab xis yog lub zos ntawm tib lub npe.

Fabkis tawm tsam

Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias yog lub npog ntawm txoj kev qub Smolensk nyob sib ze. Lub Cossack regiments ntawm Major General Akim Karpov tuaj rau nws tiv thaiv. Poniatowski cov corps tsiv raws txoj kev no.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino redoubt pib nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm Napoleonic kev faib. Lawv tau nce los ntawm lwm qhov, Txoj Kev Tshiab Smolensk. Thaum pib, lub brunt ntawm lub tshuab poob rau ntawm 5th faib ntawm Jean-Dominique Compan. Nws cov tub rog muaj lub koob npe nrov. Muaj ntau cov lus dab neeg hais txog Kompan cov tub rog. Ib tug ntawm lawv, 57th kab, tom qab Italianphiaj xwm dhuav lub npe menyuam yaus txaus ntshai. Nws suav nrog cov tub rog qub tub rog Fabkis uas paub txog. Qhov thib tsib faib muaj plaub lub hauv paus ntawm kab infantry, ob lub tuam txhab artillery thiab ib tug ua ke voltigeur regiment. Nws suav nrog 30 phom thiab ze li ntawm 10,000 infantry.

Tus yeeb ncuab tau mus rau qhov chaw uas Shevardinsky rov ua dua, thiab txeeb lub fortification ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb. Cov Fabkis tau tsoo ob zaug, tab sis txhua zaus lawv raug ntaus los ntawm Neverovsky cov tub rog.

Kev Ua Lag Luam

Tus yeeb ncuab tab tom taug txoj kev siab. Peb cov yeeb ncuab txhua kab khaws cia ntawm qhov siab tib yam. Thaum ob teev tav su lawv hla Kolocha thiab mus rau Shevardinsky redoubt. Luv luv, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hnub ntawd tau piav qhia los ntawm ntau tus neeg tim khawv, suav nrog Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky. Nws tau sau tseg tias Konovitsyn raug yuam kom rov qab mus rau Borodino. Tom qab ntawd, lub rearguard regiments pib ua ib feem ntawm lub corps. Teem caij rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov tub rog Lavxias tau tshwm sim ua ntej lub qhov muag ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Kev nkag mus rau nws tau thaiv los ntawm Shevardinsky redoubt. Zaj dab neeg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau nyiam ntau tus neeg keeb kwm…

Compan txawj ntse coj kom zoo dua ntawm peculiarities ntawm lub zos struts. Lub hom phiaj twg yog Shevardinsky redoubt ua? Txhawm rau tiv thaiv Fabkis los ntawm kev tsim kho thiab tawm tsam cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias. Txhawm rau pab txhawb kev ntes ntawm lub fortification, Kompan coj kom zoo dua ntawm lub roob nyob ua ib lub platform rau nws cannons. Cov phom tau ua kev puas tsuaj ntau heev, tua ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov chaw pw hauv tub rog.

shevardino redoubt nws yog dab tsi
shevardino redoubt nws yog dab tsi

Sib ntaus

Thawj qhov kev tua tau siv sijhawm li ib teev. Tau tuav tawm rau ib lub sij hawm ntev tsis tau npaj txhij, cov Lavxias teb sab flankers thiab rangersthim rov qab. Tsuas yog lub sijhawm no, cov yeeb ncuab rog nyob rau hauv tus kheej cov lus txib ntawm Napoleon mus ncaj nraim mus rau lub fortifications nyob rau hauv txhua kab. Lawv tau ua ntej los ntawm hluav taws ntawm ntau tus yeeb ncuab phom loj.

Muaj ntau tus lej zoo tshaj ntawm Fabkis. Nws yuam Gorchakov tam sim coj cov tub rog tshwj xeeb rau hauv kev nqis tes ua. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau siv sijhawm ntev kom mus txog qhov ntawd. Thaum lawv tab tom tuaj txog, cov phom phom, phom phom, cov foob pob tawg thiab cov mos txwv tau foob pob rau cov tub rog tiv thaiv thiab Shevardino rov ua dua. "Qhov no yog dab tsi yog tias tsis yeej?!" - xav Fabkis, tab sis lawv txoj kev vam meej yog luv luv. Sai li sai tau thaum lawv pib tuav lub redoubt, cov reserve grenadiers nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lawv txoj kev ua tau zoo kawg nkaus. Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov grenaders yog cov pov thawj hnav khaub ncaws. Nrog kev hla ntawm lawv txhais tes, lawv tau ntxiv dag zog rau cov tub rog lub siab thiab txhawb kom lawv mus tawm tsam.

Cov tub rog uas tuaj txog lub sijhawm los pab cov neeg tsis ntseeg siab ntes tau nrog lub roj teeb. Tus yeeb ncuab raug tsav rov qab. Thaum tshav kub kub ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev sib ntaus sib tua pib. Cov neeg sib tw dhau los ua ib leeg thiab txeeb qhov kev pib, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem txeeb tau qhov txiaj ntsig tsim nyog rau qhov kawg yeej. Nws tau tsaus ntuj, thiab Shevardino, qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov hav zoov nyob ntawm sab laug tis tseem nyob tom qab cov neeg Lavxias.

sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino redoubt luv luv
sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino redoubt luv luv

Climax

Hnub dhau mus, tom qab yav tsaus ntuj, thiab cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm thaj chaw tiv thaiv txuas ntxiv tuav lawv txoj haujlwm. Cov yeeb ncuab hluav taws nres luv luv. Tab sis nrog qhov pib ntawm kev tsaus ntuj, cuirasiers tuaj pab Poniatowski. Tag nrho ua ke lawv maj mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam tshiab. Ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg lawv tau hnov txog txoj hauv kev ntawm Fabkis cov tub rog. ATNyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los txiav txim lawv tus lej. Tab sis thaum haystacks ntes tau hluav taws nyob rau hauv Fabkis txoj hauj lwm, lub teeb illuminated lub tuab kem ntawm tus yeeb ncuab nce mus rau lub offensive. Nws tab tom tsiv mus rau sab xis ntawm Russia.

Tam sim no, Gorchakov tsuas muaj ib pawg thiab ib pab tub rog sab laug. Tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj mus rau qhov ua kom yuam kev. Nws hais kom pab tub rog ntaus nruas thiab qw "Hurrah!!!" tab sis tsis txav mus. Hnov cov suab paj nruag, cov Fab Kis tsis meej pem thiab poob lawv qhov qub. Meanwhile, Lavxias teb sab cuirassiers los ntawm 2nd Cuirassier Division ntawm tag nrho cov gallop nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab repulsed lub nres.

Fab Kis kev faib ntawm Kompan nrog kev sim tshiab tsoo rau hauv Shevardinsky redoubt tsuas yog ze rau ib tag hmo. Kev tua neeg phem tau tshwm sim. Cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua tes. Kev pom tau yuav luag xoom. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog tsaus ntuj uas cuam tshuam, tab sis kuj muaj pa taws tuab. Cov neeg tawm tsam tau sib koom ua ke. Thaum kawg, Fab Kis thiaj li rov thim rov qab, tawm 5 rab phom. Peb rab phom tseem nyob hauv qhov chaw, ob qho tib si raug tshem tawm los ntawm curassiers. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau nres. Nyob ib tag hmo, Fab Kis kab rov tshwm sim rau ntawm qab ntug.

Nws yog thaum ntawd, ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Kutuzov, uas Gorchakov thaum kawg tau thim rov qab. Nws yog tam sim no tsis muaj ntsiab lus los tuav qhov kev xav tsis thoob los ntawm lwm txoj haujlwm. Cov tub rog txawj ntse tau txais nws txoj hauv kev, raws li nws tau txais sijhawm txaus los pab cov tub rog Lavxias tseem ceeb los ua txoj haujlwm nws xav tau thiab npaj cov fortifications ntxiv.

shevardino redoubt
shevardino redoubt

Napoleon hmo tsis tsaug zog

Hnub tom qab tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua, Bonaparte tau tshuaj xyuas ib qho ntawm Compan cov tub rog. Tus huab tais nug nyob rau hauv surprise qhov twg peb battalion, uas yog ib feem ntawm nws, tau mus. Colonel teb rau lub sovereign tias nws tau nyob rau ntawm lub redoubt. Cov hav zoov nyob ze txuas ntxiv mus nrog cov tub rog Lavxias. Cov neeg tua hluav taws tsis tu ncua kev sib cais thiab txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam me me. Tsuas yog thaum Murat cov tub rog tau ua tiav qhov teeb meem lawv tau tswj xyuas kom meej meej. Yog li xaus kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardinsky redoubt (hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yog qhia thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm).

Hnub no tau ceeb toom rau Napoleon. Nws pw me ntsis thiab phem. Thaum kawg, General Caulaincourt tuaj rau nws, uas tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj ib tus neeg raug kaw tau poob rau hauv Fabkis txhais tes. Xav tsis thoob, Napoleon pib nug nws cov lus nug hnyav. Puas yog Fab Kis cov tub rog caij nkoj tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab hauv lub sijhawm? Cov Russians xav tau dab tsi: yeej lossis tuag? Tus thawj teb hais tias cov tub rog uas nyob ib puag ncig yeeb ncuab nyiam tua tus kheej. Caulaincourt piav qhia txog tus cwj pwm no los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg Lavxias tau siv los tawm tsam cov Turks, thiab lawv tsis tshua muaj neeg raug kaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, Napoleon tus interlocutor tsis tu ncua, Gorchakov cov tub rog tau hais meej los ntawm nws mus rau fanaticism. Tus huab tais xav tsis thoob thiab poob rau hauv kev xav.

sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino redoubt hnub
sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino redoubt hnub

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev rov ua dua

Txawm hais tias cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv kev nthuav dav, lawv txhua tus paub tseeb tias tus huab tais txaus siab rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub fortification. Yog li ntawd, es tsis txhob mus rau Borodino teb sab qaum teb ntawm txoj kev Tshiab Smolensk, nws tawm tsam Shevardino. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Fabkis, nrog kev pab los ntawm Beauharnais corps, npog lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev tuaj yeem tawm tsam ntawm sab laug flank. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no lub tswv yim, lub Lavxias teb sabKuv yuav tsum tau rhuav tshem kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab tshem kuv cov tub rog mus rau Semyonov Heights, ze rau qhov dej ntws. Thaum lub sijhawm khiav tawm, lub suab ceeb toom rau kev tawm tsam tau siv. Lawv yuav tsum tau qhia cov yeeb ncuab yuam kev.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardinsky redoubt tau hais luv luv los ntawm txhua qhov chaw Fab Kis. Tus tauj ncov loj Labom nco qab tias qhov hluav taws kub hnyiab uas raug rho tawm los ntawm lub fortress no ua rau muaj kev ntshai rau cov tub rog Napoleonic.

Ua raws li kev ua haujlwm

Yog li, kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardino Redoubt tau dhau los ua lus tshaj tawm ntawm tag nrho Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino. Hauv qee txoj kev, nws zoo li lub duel ntawm tus phab ej, uas ib txwm pib kev sib ntaus sib tua medieval ntawm Eastern Slavs. Txhua sab tau ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj hauv ib qho kev nkag siab. Kutuzov tswj kom npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua dav dav, thiab Napoleon qhia meej meej lub zog ntawm nws cov tub rog. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Lavxias teb sab commander-in-chief txiav txim siab feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam. Nws pib npaj kev sib ntaus sib tua raws li Fabkis tau tawm tsam nws sab laug.

Yeej kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Shevardinsky redoubt, Bonaparte tau txais lub sijhawm los xa nws cov tub rog mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev tsim yeeb ncuab. Tus choj taub hau, uas nws coj mus tua Lavxias teb sab sab laug flank, tig los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Napoleon lub maneuver yuam Kutuzov npaj ib pawg ntawm nws tus kheej rog nyob rau hmo ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua. Los ntawm lub fortified heights ib tug yuav pom yuav ua li cas cov Fabkis tsiv ntau thiab ntau mus rau sab xis, thiab ntau thiab ntau ntawm lawv tua tau sau nyob rau hauv hav zoov. Los ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, cov phom loj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Loj tau thauj los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev mus rau thaj chaw ib puag ncig thiab toj roob.

Txawm li cas los xij, Gorchakov tam sim ntawdua pov thawj tias cov Russians yuav sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, uas tsis tau cog lus rau Napoleon ib qho yooj yim yeej, uas nws tau accustomed thaum tsov rog nyob teb chaws Europe. Kutuzov, tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua rau lub redoubt, tsiv lub grenadier battalion ntawm suav Vorontsov los ze zog mus rau lub fortification nyob ze Semenovsky. Nws cais Tuchkov lub corps ntawm lub cia thiab tsiv mus rau lub qub Smolensk txoj kev. Lwm cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog tau tso tseg tom qab kab, lawv yuav tsum tau pab cov neeg raug mob. Vim lub maneuver ntawm Fabkis pab tub rog, Kutuzov hloov nws lub tsev hauv paus. Los ntawm Tatarinov, nws tsiv mus rau Gorki. Tsis tas li ntawd, 4 cov tub ceev xwm ntawm chasseurs raug xa mus rau tom hav zoov los tiv thaiv kev sib txuas lus ntawm 2nd Army thiab Tuchkov's corps.

Shevardinsky redoubt keeb kwm
Shevardinsky redoubt keeb kwm

Results

Raws li cov kev ua ntawm Fabkis, Semyonov lub flushes (lawv kuj hu ua Bagrationov's) tau los ua ntej, thaum Maslovskys tig los ua tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev qub Smolensk tau nce zuj zus. Tam sim no, nrog kev pab ntawm txoj kev no, Fabkis tau ua tiav ib lub hnab ntim khoom. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm cov xwm txheej tom ntej Borodino tau hloov mus rau sab qab teb. Nyob rau hauv ob txhais tes ntawm Napoleon yog qhov tseem ceeb qhov siab, uas nws tau txais ua tsaug rau nws txaus ntshai nres. Tus huab tais Fab Kis tsis tas yuav ua txhaum los ntawm Lavxias teb sab fortified kab, uas yog raws li Kolocha thiab tau txawv los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso teeb meem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nkag mus tsis tau rau hauv ntug dej. Yog li, Napoleon leveled nws txoj hauj lwm thiab, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim zoo, outplayed Kutuzov. Txoj hmoo ntxiv ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino yog nyob ntawm kev txawj ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Yuav ntseeg thaum nojShevardinsky redoubt, Fabkis poob txog 4-5 txhiab tus neeg raug tua thiab raug mob, thaum lub Lavxias teb sab poob ntau npaum li cas 6-7 txhiab. Xws li kev puas tsuaj loj yog piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab phom loj thiab cov lej superiority ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Cov tub rog Lavxias raug kev puas tsuaj loj vim kev sib tsoo thiab kev sib tsoo.

Pom zoo: