Silicon-raws li organics yog ib pawg loj ntawm cov tebchaw. Qhov thib ob, ntau lub npe rau lawv yog silicones. Lub Scope ntawm organosilicon tebchaw yog pheej loj hlob. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua si - los ntawm astronautics mus rau tshuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv raws li lawv muaj kev txawj ntse thiab cov neeg siv khoom zoo.
tswvyim
Organosilicon tebchaw yog cov tebchaw uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm silicon thiab carbon. Lawv kuj tseem muaj lwm yam tshuaj ntxiv (oxygen, halogens, hydrogen, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj no yog txawv los ntawm ntau yam khoom thiab kev siv. Tsis zoo li lwm cov organic tebchaw, organosilicon tebchaw muaj cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo dua thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv ob qho tib si thaum lawv tau txais thiab thaum siv cov khoom,ua los ntawm lawv.
Lawv txoj kev kawm tau pib nyob rau xyoo pua XIX. Silicon tetrachloride yog thawj cov khoom siv hluavtaws. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo pua 20s mus rau 90s ntawm tib lub xyoo pua, ntau lub tebchaw ntawm no tau txais: silanes, ethers thiab hloov esters ntawm orthosilicic acid, alkylchlorosilanes, thiab lwm yam. Qhov zoo sib xws ntawm qee yam ntawm cov khoom ntawm silicon thiab cov organic zoo tib yam tau ua rau tsim lub tswv yim cuav uas silicon thiab carbon compounds zoo ib yam nkaus. Lavxias teb sab chemist D. I. Mendeleev ua pov thawj tias qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Nws kuj tau tsim tias cov khoom siv silicon-oxygen muaj cov qauv polymeric. Qhov no tsis raug rau cov khoom siv organic, uas muaj kev sib txuas ntawm oxygen thiab carbon.
Kev faib tawm
Organosilicon tebchaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov organic thiab organometallic. Ntawm lawv, 2 pawg loj ntawm cov khoom sib txawv: qhov hnyav molecular thiab siab molecular hnyav.
Hauv thawj pab pawg, silicon hydrogens ua haujlwm thawj zaug, thiab tus so yog lawv cov derivatives. Cov no suav nrog cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
- silanes thiab nws homologues (disilane, trisilane, tetrasilane);
- hloov cov silanes (butylsilane, tert-butylsilane, isobutysilane);
- Ethers ntawm orthosililicic acid (tetramethoxysilane, dimethoxydiethoxysilane);
- haloesters ntawm orthosilicic acid (trimethoxychlorosilane, methoxyethoxydichlorosilane);
- hloov cov esters ntawm orthosilicic acid (methyltriethoxysilane, methylphenyldiethoxysilane);
- alkyl-(aryl)-halosilanes (phenyltrichlorosilane);
- hydroxyl derivatives ntawm organosilanes(dihydroxydiethylsilane, hydroxymethylethylphenylsilane);
- alkyl-(aryl)-aminosilanes (diaminomethylphenylsilane, methylaminotrimethylsilane);
- alkoxy-(aryloxy)-aminosilanes;
- alkyl-(aryl)-aminohalosilanes;
- alkyl-(aryl)-iminosilanes;
- isocyanates, thioiisocyanates thiab silicon thioethers.
High molecular hnyav organosilicon tebchaw
Lub hauv paus rau kev faib tawm ntawm macromolecular organic tebchaw yog polymer silicon hydrogen, daim duab qauv uas tau qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Cov tshuaj hauv qab no muaj nyob hauv pawg no:
- alkyl-(aryl)-polysilanes;
- organopolyalkyl-(polyaryl)-silanes;
- Ypolyorganosiloxanes;
- polyorganoalkylene-(phenylene)-siloxanes;
- polyorganometallosiloxanes;
- metalloidsilane saw polymers.
tshuaj muaj zog
Vim tias cov tshuaj no muaj ntau haiv neeg, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tsim cov qauv dav dav uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm silicon thiab carbon.
Cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm organosilicon tebchaw yog:
- Resistant mus rau qhov kub siab yog txiav txim siab los ntawm hom thiab qhov loj ntawm cov organic radical lossis lwm pab pawg uas cuam tshuam nrog Si atom. Tetrasubstituted silanes muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws thermal stability. Lawv decomposition pib ntawm qhov kub ntawm 650-700 ° C. Polydimethylsiloxylanes raug rhuav tshem ntawm qhov kub ntawm 300 ° C. Tetraethylsilane thiab hexaethyldisilane decompose raws li lub sijhawm cua sov ntawm qhov kub ntawm 350 ° C,Hauv qhov no, 50% ntawm ethyl radical raug tshem tawm thiab ethane raug tso tawm.
- Tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov kua qaub, alkalis thiab cawv nyob ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov radical, uas yog txuam nrog silicon atom, thiab tag nrho cov molecule ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, cov ntawv cog lus ntawm carbon nrog silicon nyob rau hauv aliphatic hloov esters tsis raug puas tsuaj thaum raug cov concentrated sulfuric acid, thaum nyob rau hauv sib xyaw alkyl-(aryl)-substituted esters, nyob rau hauv tib yam mob, phenyl pawg yog cleaved. Siloxane bonds kuj muaj lub zog siab.
- Organosilicon tebchaw yog cov resistant rau alkalis. Lawv qhov kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim tsuas yog hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv polydimethylsiloxanes, cleavage ntawm methyl pawg yog pom tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kub siab tshaj 200 ° C thiab nyob rau hauv lub siab (nyob rau hauv ib tug autoclave).
yam ntxwv ntawm macromolecular compounds
Muaj ntau hom silicon-based macromolecular tshuaj:
- monofunctional;
- kev ua haujlwm;
- trifunctional;
- quadrifunctional.
Combining cov tebchaw, koj tau:
- disiloxane derivatives, uas feem ntau yog cov kua sib txuas;
- cyclic polymers (ua kua roj);
- elastomers (polymers nrog cov qauv linear muaj ntau ntau txhiab tus monomers thiab qhov hnyav molecular);
- polymers nrog cov qauv linear, nyob rau hauv pawg kawgthaiv los ntawm cov organic radicals (roj).
Resins nrog methyl radical rau silicon piv ntawm 1.2-1.5 yog cov xim tsis muaj xim.
Cov khoom nram qab no yog qhov zoo rau cov organic silicon compounds siab molecular:
- kub tsis kam;
- hydrophobicity (ua haujlwm rau dej nkag);
- siab dielectric kev ua tau zoo;
- tuav tus nqi viscosity tas li tshaj qhov kub ntawm qhov dav;
- tshuaj ruaj khov txawm tias muaj cov oxidants muaj zog.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm silanes
Vim tias cov tshuaj no muaj ntau yam sib txawv hauv cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, peb txwv peb tus kheej los piav qhia txog organosilicon tebchaw ntawm ib pawg neeg feem ntau - silanes.
Monosilane thiab disilane (SiH4 thiab Si2H4 feem) tej yam kev mob yog cov pa uas muaj ib qho tsis kaj siab tsw. Thaum tsis muaj dej thiab oxygen, lawv muaj tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov.
Tetrasilane thiab trisilane yog cov kua dej tsis zoo. Pentasilane thiab hexasilane kuj yog tshuaj lom thiab tshuaj tsis ruaj khov.
Cov tshuaj no yaj zoo hauv cawv, roj av, carbon disulfide. Cov kev daws teeb meem tom kawg muaj kev phom sij heev. Lub melting point ntawm cov tebchaw saum toj no yog li ntawm -90 ° C (tetrasilane) txog -187 ° C (trisilane).
Tau txais
Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov radicals rau Si tau sib txawv thiab nyob ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom pib thiab cov xwm txheej hauv qab uas cov synthesis tshwm sim. Ib txhiaCov tebchaw ntawm silicon nrog cov organic tshuaj tsuas yog ua tau raws li qhov hnyav, thaum lwm tus hnov mob yooj yim dua.
Tau txais cov organosilicon tebchaw raws li silane bonds yog ua los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm alkyl (los yog aryl)-chloroxysilanes (los yog alkoxysilanes) ua raws li polycondensation ntawm silanols. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raug pom nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Polycondensation tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv peb cov lus qhia: nrog rau kev tsim cov kab sib txuas lossis cov kab sib txuas, nrog rau kev tau txais cov khoom ntawm lub network lossis spatial qauv. Cyclic polymers muaj qhov ntom ntom thiab viscosity ntau dua li lawv cov kab sib txuas.
YSynthesis of macromolecular compounds
Organic resins thiab silicon-based elastomers yog tsim los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm monomers. Cov khoom siv hydrolysis yog tom qab cua sov thiab cov catalysts ntxiv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv, dej (lossis lwm yam khoom) raug tso tawm thiab cov polymers nyuaj tsim.
Organosilicon tebchaw uas muaj cov pa oxygen yog qhov yooj yim rau polymerization ntau dua li lawv cov sib txuas carbon-based compounds. Silicon, hauv qhov sib piv, muaj peev xwm tuav tau 2 lossis ntau dua hydroxyl pawg. Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tsim cross-linked polymer molecules los ntawm cov cyclic feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov organic radical.
Analysis
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov tshuaj organosilicon yog ua nyob rau hauv ntau cov lus qhia:
- Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub cev tsis tu ncua (lub ntsiab lus melting, boiling point thiab lwm yam ntxwv).
- Kev tshuaj xyuas zoo. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom sib txuas ntawm hom no hauv cov kua roj vanish, roj, thiab cov resins, cov qauv kuaj yog fused nrog sodium carbonate, muab rho tawm nrog dej, thiab tom qab ntawd kho nrog ammonium molybdate thiab benzidine. Yog hais tias organosilicon muaj nyob, tus qauv tig xiav. Muaj lwm txoj hauv kev los kuaj xyuas.
- Quantitative tsom xam. Rau ob qho tib si zoo thiab ntau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm organosilicon tebchaw, cov txheej txheem ntawm infrared thiab emission spectroscopy yog siv. Lwm txoj kev kuj tseem siv tau - sol-gel tsom xam, huab hwm coj spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance.
- Txoj kev kawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Ua ntej tsim cov kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv ntawm cov khoom. Rau cov khoom sib xyaw, kev sib cais ntawm cov tebchaw yog ua los ntawm lawv qhov sib txawv solubility, boiling point thiab crystallization. Kev sib cais ntawm cov tshuaj dawb huv organic silicon tebchaw feem ntau yog ua los ntawm fractional distillation. Cov theem ua kua yog sib cais los ntawm kev sib cais funnel. Rau kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj, kev nqus los yog liquefaction ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yog siv.
Daim ntawv thov
Qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm organosilicon tebchaw yog loj heev:
- tsim cov kua dej (cov roj lubricating, cov kua dej ua haujlwm rau lub tshuab nqus tsev twj, roj av jelly, pastes, emulsions, defoamers thiab lwm yam);
- tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam - siv los ua stabilizers, modifiers, catalysts;
- xim thiab kua roj vanish kev lag luam - additives rau kev tsim cov tshav kub-resistant, anti-corrosion coatings rau hlau, qhob, iav thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv;
- aerospace engineering - xovxwm cov ntaub ntawv, hydraulic kua, coolants, anti-icing compounds;
- hluav taws xob engineering - tsim cov resins thiab cov kua roj vanish, cov ntaub ntawv los tiv thaiv kev sib koom ua ke;
- engineering kev lag luam - tsim cov khoom siv roj hmab, cov khoom sib txuas, cov roj nplaum, cov sealants, cov nplaum;
- teeb kev lag luam - hloov kho ntawm textile fibers, tawv, leatherette; defoamers;
- kev lag luam kws tshuaj - tsim cov khoom siv rau prosthetics, immunostimulants, adaptogens, tshuaj pleev ib ce.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom no suav nrog qhov tseeb tias lawv tuaj yeem siv tau ntau yam kev mob: hauv huab cua sov thiab txias, ntawm qhov kub siab thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev, ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Anti-corrosion txheej raws li lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm -60 txog +550 ° C.
Nyob
Kev siv cov organosilicon tebchaw hauv kev ua tsiaj txhu yog raws li qhov tseeb tias silicon nquag koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob txha thiab cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas, cov txheej txheem metabolic. Cov kab no tseem ceeb heev rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj.
As showKev tshawb fawb, kev qhia txog cov khoom siv ntxiv nrog cov tshuaj organosilicon rau hauv kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov nqaij qaib thiab cov tsiaj nyeg ua rau muaj kev nce hauv qhov hnyav, qhov txo qis hauv kev tuag thiab pub nqi rau ib chav tsev ntawm kev loj hlob, nce hauv cov metabolism ntawm nitrogen, calcium, thiab phosphorus. Kev siv cov tshuaj no hauv nyuj kuj pab tiv thaiv kab mob obstetric.
Zoo hauv Russia
Lub tuam txhab ua lag luam hauv kev txhim kho organosilicon tebchaw hauv Russia yog GNIIChTEOS. Qhov no yog ib qho chaw sib koom ua ke uas koom nrog kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke raws li silicon, aluminium, boron, hlau thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg. Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub koom haum no tau tsim thiab qhia ntau tshaj 400 organosilicon cov ntaub ntawv. Lub tuam txhab muaj ib tug pilot cog rau lawv ntau lawm.
Txawm li cas los xij, Russia hauv ntiaj teb kev hloov pauv ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim cov organic tebchaw raws li silicon yog qhov qis dua rau lwm lub tebchaws. Yog li, dhau 20 xyoo dhau los, Suav kev lag luam tau nce kev tsim cov tshuaj no los ntawm yuav luag 50 zaug, thiab Western Europe - los ntawm 2 zaug. Tam sim no, kev tsim cov organosilicon tebchaw nyob rau hauv Russia yog nqa tawm ntawm KZSK-Silicon, JSC Altaihimprom, ntawm Redkinsky Pilot Plant, JSC Khimprom (Chuvash Republic), JSC Silan.
