Cov txheej txheem sau ntawv Egyptian thaum ub, siv sijhawm ntev heev - txog 3500 xyoo - tau los ntev. Los ntawm thawj daim duab kos npe, nws tau ua tiav mus txog qhov pom ntawm kev hais lus (hais) sau ntawv, uas feem ntau hu ua demotic. Nws yog dab tsi, nws tshwm sim li cas, tsim thiab yuav ua li cas nws tso tseg, peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no.
Dab tsi yog tsab ntawv dab neeg
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "dab neeg" - "neeg" - qhia txog keeb kwm thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm hom kev sau ntawv no. Qhov tseeb hais tias cov neeg Iyiv muaj ib tsab ntawv cursive tshwj xeeb twb paub rau Herodotus, uas tau muab nws lub npe "gramma demotic", uas nyob rau hauv ancient Greek txhais tau tias "kev sau ntawv pej xeem". Nws yog ib tug lus cursive. Hauv paleography, kev qhuab ntuas keeb kwm yav dhau los uas kawm txog ntau yam kev sau ntawv, hom kev sau no hu ua cursive.
Muaj ob peb lub monuments ntawm demotic sau tau los rau peb. Cov ntaub ntawv tau ua rau ntawm papyrus lossis ntawm ostraca - av nplaum shards lossis cov khoom tsim nyog ntawm limestone (papyrus yog cov khoom kim heev, thiab tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem siv nws). Cov cim tau siv los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug.
Thawj sim ntawm kev decryption
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim mus kom ze rau qhov kev nyeem ntawm cov neeg demotic txawm tias ua ntej lawv ua tiav thawj zaug hauv kev txiav txim siab hieroglyphs. Thaum xub thawj, nws yog kev sau ntawv demotic uas zoo li yooj yim dua. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog dab tsi, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem nkag siab tau ntev.
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Rosetta Pob Zeb hauv xyoo 1799 yog qhov ua tau zoo rau cov codebreakers. Ib tug inscription ua nyob rau hauv Egyptian thiab Greek tau pom nyob rau hauv lub monument. Lub Egyptian hieroglyphic ib feem ntawm nws tau duplicated los ntawm cov ntawv demotic. Qee qhov kev vam meej hauv kev nyeem cov ntawv tsis meej tsuas yog ua tiav los ntawm I. Okerblad thiab S. de Sacy, uas tau tswj hwm tus kheej cov cim. Yog li, Åkerblad muaj peev xwm nyeem tau hauv cov ntawv demotic tag nrho cov npe raug khaws cia hauv Greek, ua tsaug rau nws lees paub 16 cim. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev sau ntawv tseem tsis tau paub.
Triumph ntawm J.-F. Champollion
Tus kws tshawb fawb Fab Kis, uas tau lees paub qhov kawg ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm Egyptian thaum ub xyoo 1822, tau ua haujlwm sib npaug ntawm hieroglyphs thiab demotic inscription. Tab sis nws tau yuam kev ntev heev hauv kev ntsuas qhov xwm txheej thiab hnub nyoog ntawm demotic. Yog li, Champollion xav tias qhov no yog cov neeg Iyiv qub tshaj plawskev sau ntawv, thiab ntev ntev yog qhov kev xav tias, tsis zoo li hieroglyphs, nws muaj cov tsiaj ntawv tag nrho. Tag nrho tau ua yuam kev.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua siab ntev, kev hais kom zoo ntawm Coptic lus (nws yog tus thawj coj ncaj qha ntawm Egyptian), txoj kev hla kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab qhov kev xav ntawm tus kws paub txog txuj ci thaum kawg coj nws mus zoo- deserved kev vam meej.
History of Demotic sau
Nws tau dhau los ua lus hais, qhov tseeb ntawm txhua hom kev sau ntawv Egyptian. Nws tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 7 BC. e. Raws li kev yooj yim ntxiv ntawm kev sau ntawv hieratic cursive thiab khaws cia hauv paus ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv uas muaj nyob hauv lwm hom kev sau ntawv Egyptian - hieratic thiab hieroglyphics. Cov lus ntawm "kev sau ntawv pej xeem" muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb, qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv: yog tias nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thaum ntxov nws yog nyob ze rau lub npe hu ua New Egyptian, ces nyob rau hauv lub monuments ntawm lub sij hawm tom qab - lub Roman thiab Byzantine lub sij hawm - nws yog. ze dua rau cov lus Coptic.
Kev sau ntawv Demotic tau mus txog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv lub sijhawm Hellenistic - thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Ptolemaic dynasty (lub xeem thib peb ntawm xyoo pua 4 BC - 30 BC). Thaj, muaj coob tus neeg Iyiv thaum ntawd tau nyeem ntawv.
Thaum lub sijhawm Roman, cov ntawv demotic maj mam dhau los ua tsawg thiab tsawg, thaum cov ntaub ntawv sau ua lus Greek nce ntxiv. Me ntsis los ntawm me me, cov neeg Iyiv "cov ntawv pej xeem" pib poob rau hauv kev tsis siv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb monuments, cov cim ntawm Greek cov tsiaj ntawv feem ntau txawm embedded nyob rau hauv lub demotic notation. Cov qauv kawg uas paub txog scienceCov ntawv Demotic tau sau hauv 452. Nws tau siv ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo.
Demotics nta
"cov neeg hais lus phem" ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub muaj qee yam uas cuam tshuam txog nws txoj kev hloov pauv thaum tswj hwm kev saib xyuas, kev sau ntawv qub heev.
Ua ntej, tus lej ntawm cov ntawv sau tau poob qis dua piv rau hieratics, thaum tus lej ntawm cov cim sib xyaw (hu ua ligatures) tau nce tib lub sijhawm.
Thib ob, kev siv lub suab, cov cim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tau dhau los ua ntau zaus. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sim tau raug sau tseg kom xa cov suab vowels hauv kev sau ntawv siv cov cim cim (hauv Egyptian kev sau ntawv, tsis muaj cov paib ywj pheej rau kev xa cov suab, qhov no yog vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws cov qauv lus thiab cov qauv sau ntawv; ib qho kev lig kev cai zoo sib xws tau tsim hauv kev sau ntawv Arabic).
Cov qauv no tau ua rau muaj qhov tsis meej meej ntawm ntau tus neeg cov cim thiab cov cim, thiab, hloov pauv, mus rau ntau qhov kev sau ntawv ntawm tib lub xov tooj. Yog li ntawd, tsab ntawv demotic tau dhau los ua qhov tsis meej pem thiab nyeem tsis yooj yim. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias nws tau dhau los ua nyuaj rau cov neeg siv: nws tsis yog vim li cas lawv tau tso cov ntawv Greek rau hauv cov ntawv Egyptian demotic - tej zaum, polysemy twb cuam tshuam nrog tsab ntawv, ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg thiab tsis txaus siab hauv kev xaiv ib lossis lwm kos npe. Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek tau yooj yim dua los siv.
Qhov twg "neeg tsab ntawv" tau siv
Tau kawg, thawj zaug demotic tsis tau npaj los sau cov ntawv liturgical lossis kev txiav txim plaub ntug. Nws yeej yog ib tsab ntawv pej xeem siv hauv kev sau ntawv ntiag tug, sau npe ntawm ntau yam kev lag luam, kev tshaj tawm lag luam, qee zaum cov ntaub ntawv raug cai thiab lwm yam "papyri lag luam".
Thaum lub sijhawm Persian kov yeej Egypt, uas kav los ntawm 525 txog 332. BC e., demotic mus dhau lub neej ntiag tug. Keeb kwm ntawm Persian txoj cai yog paub, xws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub dignitary Ujagorresent, uas tshuav ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws account ntawm capture ntawm Egypt los ntawm Persians.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm Hellenistic, thaj tsam ntawm kev siv cov ntawv demotic hauv Ancient Egypt nthuav dav heev. Siv nws, lawv pib sau cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, cov ntawv teev dab qhuas thiab tej yam yees siv, ntau yam kev kho mob thiab cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb. Demotic literary tej hauj lwm tau tshwm sim, xws li cov nto moo Tales ntawm Satni-Khemuas, lub didactic qhia ntawm tus pov thawj Ankhsheshonk rau nws tus tub yau, los yog cov Tales ntawm Pharaoh Petubast (keeb kwm daim duab).
Cov kab ke no thaum kawg tau hloov pauv cov hieratic thaum ub ua ib hom ntawv hais lus. Cov ntawv Demotic txawm pib ua rau ntawm pob zeb - ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov no yog Rosetta Pob Zeb. Qhov kev ua tsaug no los ntawm cov pov thawj, qhuas Vaj Ntxwv Ptolemy V Epiphanes, hnub rov qab mus rau 196 BC. e.
Txoj Cai thiab kev cia siab rau kev kawm
Egyptian demotic cursive ua tsis tiav mus dhau lub xyoo txhiab kev lig kev cai ntawm kev sau ntawv archaic thiab cumbersome Egyptian. Nws tau raug hloov los ntawm qhov yooj yim thiabyooj yim Greek cov tsiaj ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, demotic tseem tsis ploj mus yam tsis muaj kab. Nws thawj zaug kis mus rau sab qab teb mus rau Nubia thiab Northern Sudan, qhov chaw uas nws tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov ntawv Meroitic, uas tau siv rau xya centuries. Tsis tas li ntawd, 6 lub cim ntawm cov ntawv demotic tau muaj sia nyob hauv cov tsiaj ntawv Coptic, vim lawv tau hais cov suab uas tsis tuaj yeem hais siv cov ntawv Greek.
Zoo, Egyptologists tseem muaj ntau txoj haujlwm los ua rau kev kawm txog kev sau ntawv Demotic. Tus naj npawb ntawm kev pom yog loj, thiab tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tau piav qhia. Muaj anthologies ntawm cov ntawv nyob rau hauv demotic, dictionaries, tab sis tsawg kawg yog ib tug tag nrho cov paleographic sau tseem tsis tau muaj. Yog li Egyptologists muaj thaj av uas tsis muaj av tiag tiag ua ntej ntawm lawv.
