Yam xwm txheej twg tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb tau ntau pua xyoo. Cov no yog ob qho tib si thoob ntiaj teb kev xyiv fab thiab kev kub ntxhov thoob ntiaj teb. Thiab txhua qhov xwm txheej muaj nws qhov tseem ceeb, vim tsis muaj leej twg paub tias lub ntiaj teb yuav hloov li cas yog tias qee yam tsis tau tshwm sim txhua. Ntiaj teb keeb kwm paub ntau yam kev tsov kev rog, kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev sib haum xeeb tom ntej thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Piv txwv li, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Torun hauv 1466, Westphalia - 1648, Andrianopol - 1713, Paris - 1814, San Stefano - 1878, Portsmouth - 1905, Paris - 1947 thiab ntau lwm tus. Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Utrecht yog kev sib haum xeeb uas xaus rau kev tsov rog uas tau tshwm sim dhau qhov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Spain. Cov ntawv cog lus tau kos npe hauv Utrecht hauv Netherlands thaum lub Plaub Hlis-Lub Rau Hli 1713. Cov tog koom nrog hauv kev kos npe yog, ntawm ib sab, Fabkis thiab Spain, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, Roman Empire, Portugal thiab Savoy. Lub Peb Hlis 1714 tau nqis mus rau hauv keeb kwm nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Utrecht nrog Rastatt Kev Thaj Yeeb, thiab Lub Cuaj Hli 1714 nrog Treaty of Baden.
Txoj kev qub txeeg qub tegSpain
Rau yuav luag kaum peb xyoos, txij xyoo 1701 txog 1714, ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb loj tshaj plaws nyob sab Europe tau tshwm sim - Tsov rog ntawm Spanish Succession. Nws pib xyoo 1701, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Charles II, tus huab tais Spanish kawg uas tau koom nrog Habsburg dynasty. Raws li tus huab tais lub siab nyiam, Philip, Duke ntawm Anjou, uas yog tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus huab tais Fabkis Louis XIV, tau txais lub hwj chim. Philip thaum kawg los ua lub npe hu ua Philip V ntawm Spain.
Start of war
Nws txhua yam pib nrog kev sim ntawm Leopold I, uas yog tus huab tais ntawm Vajntxwv Roman faj tim teb chaws, los tiv thaiv txoj cai ntawm Habsburg dynasty (nws tus kheej dynasty) rau cov khoom ntawm Spain. Louis XIV, nyob rau hauv lem, pib mus nrhiav ib tug nruj txoj cai los nthuav nws thaj chaw. Askiv thiab Dutch koom pheej tau txhawb nqa sab ntawm Leopold I thiab xav kom tiv thaiv kev ntxiv dag zog ntawm Fabkis txoj haujlwm. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog hais tias kev ua phem tsis yog tsuas yog nyob hauv Europe xwb, tab sis kuj tau nqis los ntawm North America, qhov chaw uas lawv tau txais lub npe "Queen Anne tsov rog." Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Utrecht tau pab coj lub ntiaj teb rov qab los rau nws qhov qub txheeb ze sib npaug.
Chronology
Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Utrecht 1713 yog txheej txheej ntawm ntau daim ntawv cog lus kev thaj yeeb uas, ua ke nrog Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Rastatt 1714, xaus Tsov Rog ntawm Kev Ua tiav hauv Spain. Hnub kos npe ntawm daim ntawv cog lus hauv keeb kwm yog raws li nram no:
- Plaub Hlis 11, 1713 - Fabkis thiab Askiv, Dutch koom pheej, Prussia, Savoy, Portugal.
- 13Lub Xya Hli 1713 - Spain thiab Askiv, Spain thiab Savoy.
- Lub Rau Hli 26, 1714 - Spain thiab Dutch koom pheej.
- Lub Ob Hlis 6, 1715 - Spain thiab Portugal.
Thawj theem ntawm kev sib tham
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Utrecht yog qhov zoo heev thaum nws thaum kawg daws qhov teeb meem uas tau kav ntev dua kaum xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1711, nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv, ministry pib tuav lub hwj chim - cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Tories uas xav tau kev thaj yeeb. Lawv tau pib thawj qhov kev sib tham zais cia txog qhov kawg ntawm kev ua phem. Fabkis tau ntsib kev poob qis vim yog tub rog swb thiab tseem xav tau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj uas Askiv pib nrhiav kev thaj yeeb yog qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb pib tshwm sim nrog cov tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum (uas yog, Austria thiab Holland) txog kev nce nqi ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Cov neeg Askiv pib ntshai tiag tiag tias Spanish thiab Austrian cov khoom yuav sib sau ua ke. Cov phoojywg Askiv pib tawm tsam tawm tsam kev sib tham nrog Fabkis, tab sis thaum kawg tau pom zoo.
txheej txheem sib tham
Kev tsim ntawm Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Utrecht pib thaum Lub Ib Hlis 29, 1712. Kev tawm tsam pib - peb tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Fabkis thiab xya caum tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm sab, ua siab phem. Ntau tus neeg los ntawm Askiv yog tus neeg nruab nrab uas nws lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Fab Kis tawm tsam, uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Utrecht thiab nws qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb. Tsis muaj cov Fabkis txoj kev sib tw uas yuav tsis thov nws ciam teb fortifications thiabthaj chaw.
Secret Events
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog cov txheej txheem kev sib tham tseem ceeb, qhov tseeb, kuj tseem muaj qhov zais cia ntawm Fabkis thiab Askiv. Thiab nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1712 lawv xaus ib tug truce uas tsis meej pem cov maps ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe. Lub sijhawm ntawd, kev ua tiav ntawm Utrecht kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tau dhau los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau txhua tus. Lub koom haum ntawm Fabkis thiab Askiv tau pab thawj lub tebchaws tau tshaj tawm nws cov lus pom zoo hauv kev sib tham nrog lwm tus neeg koom nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Cov ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau Spain - Askiv thiab Spain - Savoy. Thaum kawg, Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Utrecht yog dab tsi? Cov xwm txheej ntawm nws raug kaw li cas? Nws tau dhau los ua cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau Askiv, uas muaj peev xwm ua kom zoo dua ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab tsim txoj haujlwm rau nws tus kheej kom ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov cawv hauv kev lag luam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - nws tau txais Strait of Gibr altar. Fabkis, nyob rau hauv lem, tshem tawm lub fortifications ntawm Dunkirk. Holland tau txais qee cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam, nrog rau txoj cai rau chaw nres tsheb ntau qhov chaw nyob ntawm Fabkis ciam teb. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Utrecht yog kev nkag mus ntawm Bourbon dynasty hauv Spain thiab kev khaws cia ntawm Asmeskas thiab Philippine thaj tsam los ntawm lawv. Austrian kev ua tiav tau raws li hauv qab no - lub teb chaws pib muaj lub xeev Neapolitan, Sardinia, ib feem ntawm Tuscany, Duchy ntawm Milan thiab Spanish ib feem ntawm Netherlands. Tsis tas li ntawd, Mantua tau mus rau Austria. Savoy kuj tau pib muaj lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Sicily, Margraviate ntawm Monferrati, sab hnub poob ntawm Duchy ntawm Milan. Qhov no yog li cas kev tawm tsam rau kev vam meej ntawm Spain xaus. Kev thaj yeeb ntawm Utrecht, ua ke nrog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv Rastatt, tsim cov duab hauv qab no ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - Spanish huab tais loj loj tau muab faib, thiab uaqhov no yog lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov xeev ntawm Western Europe nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th.
