Lo lus "speci alty" los ntawm Latin "specialis", uas txhais tau tias "special". Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb yog feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog lub tswv yim ntawm txoj haujlwm lossis kev coj ua ntawm kev cob qhia. Cia peb saib cov ntsiab lus kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Lub tswvyim ntawm kev tshwj xeeb
Tshwj xeeb yog ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb lossis thev naus laus zis, nrog rau cov txheej txheem kev paub, kev txawj, peev xwm tau txais los ntawm kev kawm, kev cob qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv txhua txoj haujlwm. Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog kev muaj peev xwm ntawm qee yam kev ua haujlwm.
Kev tshwj xeeb txawv raws qib kev kawm ua haujlwm:
- nruab nrab;
- superior.
Kev cob qhia, lawv cov qauv thiab cov kev xav tau rau cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws tshwj xeeb tau pom zoo los ntawm Ministry of Education thiab Science raws li Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci (FSES). Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm kev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws Russia suav nrog 648 qhov tshwj xeeb, uas tau muab faib ua 28 pawg. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm tshwj xeeb theem nrab muab kev cob qhia hauv 259 qhov tshwj xeeb,ua ke ua 26 pawg.
Qhov txawv ntawm txoj haujlwm thiab kev coj ua ntawm kev cob qhia
Hauv kev hais lus, kev kawm tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog txoj haujlwm, piv txwv li: "Kuv tus tub yog tus programmer los ntawm txoj haujlwm." Qhov no yog hais txog teej tug mus rau txoj hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov tseeb tias lub tswv yim ntawm txoj haujlwm yog dav dua thiab tuaj yeem suav nrog ntau pawg tshwj xeeb, uas yog, qhov no yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg uas muaj kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse.
Piv txwv: Txoj haujlwm ntawm tus programmer suav nrog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb xws li web programmer, khoos phis tawj kev ruaj ntseg, kev lag luam xov xwm, software engineering, cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm thiab thev naus laus zis.
Ntxiv rau, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv - koj tuaj yeem ua tus kws tshaj lij ntawm koj tus kheej (tus tsim, sau ntawv, programmer), thiab kom tau txais kev tshwj xeeb koj yuav tsum tau mus kawm, xeem dhau thiab tau txais daim ntawv txhawb nqa (Diploma, daim ntawv pov thawj).
Kev taw qhia ntawm kev cob qhia yog lub koom haum loj ntawm cov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas yog tswj hwm los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci. Piv txwv:
Kev taw qhia 38.03.02 "Kev tswj hwm" suav nrog kev cob qhia hauv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv qab no:
- "Kev tswj nyiaj txiag thiab kev nqis peev".
- "Kev lag luam thiab kev tswj hwm cov haujlwm tshiab".
- "Kev lag luam thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm kev lag luam".
Classifier of speci alties
Txhawm rau kom muaj kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsoomfwv cov chaw haujlwm hauv kev kawm, All-Russian Classification of Speci alties (OKSO) tau tsim. Tasks OKSO:
-kev cai ntawm daim ntawv tso cai ntawm kev kawm txuj ci;
- statistical analysis;
- accounting and processing of information;
- kev cai ntawm qib kev cob qhia cov neeg kawm tiav hauv tebchaws Russia raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb.
Txhua qhov tshwj xeeb raws li OKSO muaj nws tus kheej cov cai ntawm daim ntawv: xxxxxx, qhov twg:
- thawj ob lub cim sib raug rau pawg loj ntawm kev kawm;
- ob lub cim thib ob yog tus lej ntawm cov lus qhia;
- tsib thiab thib rau cov cim qhia txog pab pawg tus lej tshwj xeeb.
Piv txwv li, qee lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab:
270112 - Kev xa dej thiab kev huv.
160203 - Tsim cov dav hlau.
060112 - Kev kho mob biochemistry.
070204 - Theatre directing.
040201 - Sociology.
140501 - Internal combustion engines.
210407 - Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas lus.
150102 - Metallurgy ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis-ferrous.
Typology
Muaj kev faib raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg nrog rau lub ntiaj teb sab nraud thiab qhov tshwj xeeb tau txais. Qhov typology zoo li no:
1. Txiv neej yog txiv neej. Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm hom no yog tsom rau kev ua haujlwm nrog lwm tus neeg:
- kho mob (tus kws kho mob, kws kho mob, tus nais maum);
- jurisprudence (tus kws lij choj);
- kev kawm (psychologist, xib fwb, kws qhia ntawv).
2. Txiv neej yog ua neej nyob. Hom kev ua ub no yog tsom rau kev kawm txog flora thiab fauna, kev saib xyuas thiab tu, tsim cov hom tshiab:
- hav zoov;
- agronomy;
- veterinary;
- av science;
- ecology.
3. Txiv neej yog technology. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm pab pawg no suav nrog txhua yam ntsig txog thev naus laus zis, tshuab, khoom siv:
- installation, kho thiab kho (locksmith, adjuster);
- tswj kev thauj mus los (tsav tsheb);
- metallurgy, mechanical engineering (technologist);
- aircraft kev lag luam (tus kws tshaj lij, kws tshaj lij).
4. Txiv neej yog ib tug kos npe rau system. Nov yog cov kev tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam cim, cim, suav:
- programming;
- kev lag luam (tus accountants, kwv yees);
- linguistics (tus neeg txhais lus, tshaj tawm, kho).
5. Txiv neej yog kab lis kev cai. Qhov no suav nrog txhua yam kev muaj tswv yim tshwj xeeb ntsig txog kev tshaj tawm lossis kev tsim cov nqi kos duab:
- fine arts (artists, designers);
- architecture (tus tsim, kho dua tshiab);
- suab paj nruag (kev kawm hu nkauj, suab nkauj pej xeem);
- choreographic art.
Tau txais
Kev cob qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv qab no:
- colleges;
- colleges;
- academy;
- tsev;
- universities.
Cov tsev kawm qib siab thiab cov tsev kawm txuj ci muaj nyob rau cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb theem nrab. Academies, institutes thiab universities - mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Qee lub koom haum yuav yog ib feem ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab yuav tsum muaj daim ntawv tso cai los ua haujlwm kev kawm. Yuav kom muaj txoj cai tshaj tawm daim diplomas hauv kev tshwj xeeb, lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum raug lees paub.
Muaj qhov xav tau ntau tshaj
Nyob rau xyoo 2018, cov npe tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws, raws li Lub Xeev Kev Pabcuam Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm, suav nrog:
- processing engineer.
- IT specialist.
- Robotics.
- Architect.
- Tsim engineer.
- Web designer.
- Agricultural engineer.
- tus neeg lag luam, tus lag luam hauv internet.
- Tus tsim.
- PR tshwj xeeb.
Cov khoom tshwj xeeb hauv 5-7 xyoo tom ntej suav nrog:
- YBioethicist.
- Tus kws pab tswv yim caj ces.
- Eco-analyst hauv kev tsim kho.
- Tus kws kho mob neeg hlau
- Information systems architect.
- Txoj kev muaj tswv yim hauv xeev.
