Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntuj yog qhov tseem ceeb. Hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav xav txog lub tswv yim, hom teeb meem, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws txoj kev txav thiab cov khoom.
Yuav ua li cas?
Tau ntau pua xyoo lub tswv yim ntawm qhov teeb meem tau hloov pauv thiab txhim kho. Yog li ntawd, cov Greek philosopher Plato thaum ub pom nws ua lub substratum ntawm tej yam, uas tawm tsam lawv lub tswv yim. Aristotle tau hais tias nws yog ib yam uas nyob mus ib txhis uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim lossis rhuav tshem. Tom qab ntawd, cov philosophers Democritus thiab Leucippus txhais qhov teeb meem yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb uas ua rau tag nrho lub cev nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb no thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
Lub tswv yim niaj hnub ntawm qhov teeb meem tau muab los ntawm V. I. Lenin, raws li qhov nws yog ib qho kev ywj pheej thiab ywj siab lub hom phiaj qhia los ntawm tib neeg kev nkag siab, kev xav, nws kuj tuaj yeem luam tawm thiab thaij duab.
Tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov teeb meem
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem yog peb yam:
- Space.
- sijhawm.
- Txoj kev mus.
Thawj ob qhov sib txawv hauv cov khoom metrological, uas yog, lawv tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov ntsuas nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Qhov chaw ntsuasnyob rau hauv meters thiab nws derivatives, thiab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv teev, feeb, vib nas this, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv hnub, lub hlis, xyoo, thiab lwm yam. Lub sij hawm kuj muaj lwm yam, tsis muaj tsawg tseem ceeb khoom - irreversibility. Nws tsis tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau qhov chaw pib lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm vector ib txwm muaj ib txoj kev coj thiab txav los ntawm yav dhau los mus rau yav tom ntej. Tsis zoo li lub sijhawm, qhov chaw yog lub tswv yim nyuaj dua thiab muaj peb-dimensional dimension (qhov siab, ntev, dav). Yog li, txhua yam teeb meem tuaj yeem txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw rau ib lub sijhawm.
Cov lus qhia ntawm qhov teeb meem
Txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig peb txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw thiab sib cuam tshuam. Kev txav mus los tsis tu ncua thiab yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas txhua hom teeb meem muaj. Lub caij no, cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam khoom, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov khoom nws tus kheej, ua rau nws cov kev hloov kho. Cov qauv hauv qab no ntawm kev txav ntawm qhov teeb meem yog qhov txawv:
Mechanical yog qhov txav ntawm cov khoom hauv qhov chaw (ib txiv apple poob ntawm ceg, luav khiav)
- Lub cev - tshwm sim thaum lub cev hloov nws cov yam ntxwv (piv txwv li, lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau). Piv txwv li: daus yaj, dej evaporates, thiab lwm yam.
- Tshuaj - hloov kho cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom (hlau corrosion, qabzib oxidation)
- Biological - tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob thiab ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, metabolism, kev yug me nyuam, thiab lwm yam.
- Social form - txheej txheemKev sib raug zoo: kev sib txuas lus, tuav cov rooj sib tham, kev xaiv tsa, thiab lwm yam.
- Geological - characterizes kev txav ntawm cov teeb meem hauv lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb thiab lub plab ntawm lub ntiaj teb: core, mantle.
Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no ntawm cov teeb meem sib cuam tshuam, sib ntxiv thiab hloov pauv tau. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem nyob ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab tsis muaj tus kheej txaus.
Khoom muaj teeb meem
Ancient thiab niaj hnub science ntaus nqi ntau yam khoom. Feem ntau thiab pom tseeb yog kev txav mus los, tab sis muaj lwm yam khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb:
- Nws yog uncreatable thiab indestructible. Cov cuab yeej no txhais tau hais tias txhua lub cev lossis cov khoom muaj nyob rau qee lub sijhawm, txhim kho, tsis muaj nyob ua ib yam khoom qub, txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem tsis muaj nyob, tab sis tsuas yog hloov mus ua lwm yam.
- Nws nyob mus ib txhis thiab tsis muaj kawg nyob hauv qhov chaw.
- Txoj kev txav mus los, hloov pauv, hloov kho.
- Predestination, dependence on generating factor thiab ua. Cov cuab yeej no yog ib hom kev piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm teeb meem raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qee yam tshwm sim.
hom teeb meem
Cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub paub qhov txawv ntawm peb hom teeb meem:
- Ib yam khoom uas muaj qee qhov loj ntawm so yog hom ntau tshaj plaws. Nws tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom, molecules, atoms, nrog rau lawv cov tebchaw uas tsim lub cev lub cev.
- Lub cev lub cev yog cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, uas yog tsim los xyuas kom muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom (cov khoom siv).
- Lub cev nqus tsev - yog cov khoom siv ib puag ncig nrog qib qis tshaj ntawm lub zog.
Tom ntej no, cia peb ua tib zoo saib ntawm txhua hom.
Tshuaj
Khoom yog ib yam teeb meem, cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas yog qhov tsis sib xws, uas yog, kev tsis sib txuas, kev txwv. Nws cov qauv suav nrog cov khoom me tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm protons, electrons thiab neutrons uas ua rau lub atom. Atoms ua ke los ua cov molecules, tsim cov teeb meem, uas ua rau lub cev los yog kua dej.
Txhua yam khoom muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej uas paub qhov txawv ntawm lwm tus: qhov loj, qhov ntom ntom, kub kub thiab melting point, siv lead ua lattice qauv. Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, cov tshuaj sib txawv tuaj yeem ua ke thiab sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev ntawm aggregation: khoom, kua thiab gaseous. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug tshwj xeeb lub xeev ntawm aggregation tsuas yog sib haum mus rau lub tej yam kev mob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev siv ntawm molecular kev sib raug zoo, tab sis tsis yog nws tus kheej yam ntxwv. Yog li, dej ntawm qhov kub sib txawv tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua, khoom, thiab gaseous.
Lub cev
Hom teeb meem ntawm lub cev kuj suav nrog cov khoom xws li lub cev. Nws yog ib hom kab ke uas cov khoom siv lub cev sib cuam tshuam. Lub teb tsis yog ib qho khoom ntiag tug, tab sis yog tus nqa khoom ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom uas tsim nws. Yog li, lub zog tso tawm los ntawm ib qho, tab sis tsis nqus los ntawm lwm tus, yog tus cwj pwmteb.
Lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj tseeb ntawm cov teeb meem uas muaj cov cuab yeej txuas ntxiv. Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau yam:
- Nyob ntawm tus nqi tsim tawm, muaj: hluav taws xob, sib nqus thiab gravitational teb.
- Los ntawm qhov kev txav ntawm kev them nqi: dynamic teb, statistical (muaj cov nqi them uas nyob ruaj khov txheeb ze rau ib leeg).
- Los ntawm lub cev: macro- thiab microfields (tsim los ntawm kev txav ntawm tus kheej cov khoom them nqi).
- Nyob ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm lub neej: sab nraud (uas nyob ib puag ncig cov khoom siv hluav taws xob), sab hauv (teb hauv qhov teeb meem), muaj tseeb (tag nrho tus nqi ntawm sab nraud thiab sab hauv).
Lub cev nqus tsev
Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, lo lus "lub cev nqus tsev" tau tshwm sim hauv physics raws li kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov tswv yim los piav txog qee qhov tshwm sim. Cov khoom qub qub tau muab rau nws, thaum lub sijhawm tom kawg tau sib cav tias lub tshuab nqus tsev tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi. Niaj hnub nimno physics tau tsis lees paub qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tswv yim thiab ua pov thawj tias lub tshuab nqus tsev yog ib qho khoom nruab nrab, tseem hu ua quantum field. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom hauv nws yog sib npaug rau xoom, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim luv luv ntawm cov khoom hauv cov theem nrab. Nyob rau hauv quantum txoj kev xav, lub zog theem ntawm lub cev nqus tsev vacuum yog conditionally coj raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, uas yog, sib npaug rau xoom. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau raug sim ua pov thawj tias lub zog hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau ob qho tib si tsis zoo thiab qhov zoo. Muaj ib qho kev xav tiasLub Ntiaj Teb tau tshwm sim meej nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev zoo siab.
Cov qauv ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev lub cev tseem tsis tau kawm tiav, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm nws cov khoom paub. Raws li Dirac lub qhov kev xav, lub quantum teb muaj xws li txav quanta nrog cov nqi zoo ib yam, cov khoom ntawm quanta lawv tus kheej tseem tsis meej, pawg uas txav mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nthwv dej ntws.
