Txawm hais tias muaj coob tus neeg muaj lub tswv yim ntxhib ntawm qhov nws yog dab tsi, qee qhov tsis tuaj yeem txhais lub tswvyim ntawm "mineral". Kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov suav nrog ntau tus lej ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus, txhua tus tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv ib qho haujlwm tshwj xeeb vim nws qhov zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias lawv muaj dab tsi thiab lawv yuav siv tau li cas.
Minerals yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tshwm sim hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab ntawm nws qhov chaw, thiab yog tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev sib xws.
Kev faib tawm
Hnub no, ntau dua 4,000 pob zeb sib txawv tau paub, uas suav nrog hauv qeb "mineral". Kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov yog ua raws li cov hauv qab no:
- genetic (nyob ntawm keeb kwm);
- siv tau (cov khoom siv raw, ore, pob zeb muaj nuj nqis, roj, thiab lwm yam);
- tshuaj.
Tshuaj
Tam sim no tshaj plawsKev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov raws li lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas yog siv los ntawm niaj hnub mineralogists thiab geologists, yog dav. Nws yog nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom sib txuas, hom tshuaj sib txuas ntawm ntau yam qauv ntawm cov khoom, hom ntim, thiab ntau lwm yam khoom uas muaj cov ntxhia. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov ntawm hom no muab rau lawv faib ua tsib hom, txhua yam uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qee qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qee yam qauv.
Type:
- native element;
- sulfide;
- oxides thiab hydroxides;
- ntsev ntawm oxygen acids;
- halides.
Ntxiv mus, raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm anions, lawv tau muab faib ua ob peb chav kawm (txhua hom muaj nws tus kheej faib), nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau muab faib ua subclasses, los ntawm qhov uas ib tug muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv: lub moj khaum, saw, kob, kev sib koom tes thiab txheej ntxhia. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov uas zoo sib xws hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws muab rau lawv cov koom haum rau ntau pawg.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm hom minerals
- Native element. Qhov no suav nrog cov metalloids thiab cov hlau xws li hlau, platinum lossis kub, nrog rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau xws li pob zeb diamond, sulfur thiab graphite.
- Sulfites, nrog rau lawv ntau yam analogues. Cov tshuaj cais tawm ntawm cov zaub mov muaj xws li hydrosulphuric acid ntsev xws li pyrite, galena thiab lwm yam hauv pawg no.
- Oxides, hydroxides thiab lawv lwm yam analogues, uas yogua ke ntawm hlau nrog oxygen. Magnetite, chromite, hematite, goethite yog cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm pawg no, uas txawv los ntawm kev faib cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov ntxhia.
- Ntshav oxygen acids.
- Halides.
Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias hauv pab pawg "cov ntsev ntawm oxygen acids" kuj tseem muaj kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov los ntawm chav kawm:
- carbonates;
- sulfates;
- tungstates thiab molybdates;
- phosphates;
- Ysilicates.
Tseem muaj cov pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb, muab faib ua peb pawg:
- magmatic;
- sedimentary;
- metamorphic.
By origin
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov los ntawm keeb kwm suav nrog peb pawg tseem ceeb:
- Endogenous. Xws li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntxhia tsim nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog kev nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab tom qab solidification ntawm underground kub alloys, uas feem ntau hu ua magmas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim cov ntxhia hauv nws tus kheej yog ua nyob rau hauv peb kauj ruam: magmatic, pegmatite thiab postmagmatic.
- Exogenous. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tsim ntawm minerals yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sib txawv tej yam kev mob piv rau endogenous ib tug. Exogenous ntxhia tsim muaj xws li tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev decomposition ntawm cov khoom thiab ib txhij tsim ntawm neoplasms uas tiv taus rau lwm qhov chaw. Crystals yog tsim los ntawm huab cua ntawm cov zaub mov endogenous.
- Metamorphic. Txawm li cas los xij ntawm txoj kev uas pob zeb tau tsim, lawv lub zog lossis kev ruaj ntseg, lawvyuav ib txwm hloov nyob rau hauv tus yam ntxwv ntawm tej yam kev mob. Cov pob zeb uas tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom lossis cov qauv ntawm cov qauv qub feem ntau hu ua metamorphic.
Raws li Fersman thiab Bauer
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov raws li Fersman thiab Bauer suav nrog ntau lub pob zeb, npaj rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom. Xws li:
- gems;
- pob zeb muaj xim;
- organogenic pob zeb.
Lub cev muaj zog
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov thiab pob zeb los ntawm keeb kwm thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg suav nrog ntau lub npe, thiab txhua lub ntsiab lus muaj lub cev tshwj xeeb. Nyob ntawm cov kev txwv no, tus nqi ntawm ib hom tsiaj yog txiav txim siab, nrog rau qhov ua tau ntawm nws txoj kev siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm tib neeg kev ua si.
Hardness
tus yam ntxwv no sawv cev rau qhov tsis kam ntawm qee yam khoom rau kev khawb ntawm lwm tus. Yog li, yog tias cov ntxhia hauv nqe lus nug yog softer dua li qhov uas tau khawb ntawm nws qhov chaw, cov cim yuav nyob ntawm nws.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib cov pob zeb hauv av los ntawm hardness yog raws li kev siv Mohs nplai, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm cov pob zeb tshwj xeeb, txhua tus muaj peev xwm khawb cov npe yav dhau los nrog nws qhov kawg. Nws suav nrog cov npe ntawm kaum yam khoom, uas pib nrog talc thiab gypsum, thiab xaus, raws li ntau tus neeg paub, nrog pob zeb diamond - qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws.khoom.
Thaum pib, nws yog kev cai nqa lub pob zeb ntawm iav. Yog tias qhov khawb tseem nyob ntawm nws, tom qab ntawd qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av los ntawm hardness twb muab rau ntau tshaj li 5th chav kawm rau nws. Tom qab ntawd, lub hardness twb tau teev nyob rau hauv lub Mohs nplai. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias ib tug khawb nyob rau hauv lub khob, ces nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib tug qauv yog coj los ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv 6th (feldspar), tom qab uas lawv sim kos rau ntawm qhov xav tau pob zeb hauv av. Yog li, yog hais tias, piv txwv li, feldspar tshuav ib qho kos rau ntawm tus qauv, tab sis apatite, uas yog tus naj npawb 5, tsis tau, nws tau muab ib chav kawm ntawm 5.5.
Tsis txhob hnov qab tias nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov crystallographic kev taw qhia, qee cov zaub mov yuav txawv ntawm qhov tawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv disthene, nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau cleavage, lub hardness raws li ntev axis ntawm lub siv lead ua muaj ib tug nqi ntawm 4, thaum nyob rau hauv tib lub dav hlau nws nce mus rau 6. Cov minerals nyuaj heev tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg uas tsis yog-metallic. luster.
Shine
Kev tsim cov ci ntsa iab hauv cov zaub mov yog ua los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb rays los ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Hauv ib phau ntawv qhia txog cov zaub mov, kev faib tawm muab faib ua ob pawg loj:
- metallic;
- nrog cov luster tsis yog xim hlau.
Thawj yog cov pob zeb uas muab cov kab dub thiab tsis pom tseeb txawm tias nyias nyias. Cov no suav nrog magnetite, graphite thiab thee. Minerals nrog cov lus tsis yog xim hlau thiab xim streak kuj suav hais tias ntawm no yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Nws yog hais txog kubnrog ib tug ntsuab streak, tooj liab nrog ib tug peculiar liab streak, nyiaj nrog ib tug silvery dawb streak, thiab lwm yam.
Metallic nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo ib yam li qhov ci ntsa iab ntawm cov pob txha tshiab ntawm ntau yam hlau, thiab tuaj yeem pom tau zoo heev ntawm qhov tshiab ntawm cov qauv, txawm tias cov pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb tau txiav txim siab. Kev faib tawm gloss kuj suav nrog cov qauv opaque, uas hnyav dua li thawj qeb.
Hlau luster yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov zaub mov, uas yog ore ntawm ntau yam hlau.
xim
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias xim yog qhov ua haujlwm tas mus li rau qee qhov ntxhia xwb. Yog li, malachite ib txwm nyob ntsuab, kub tsis poob nws cov xim daj daj, thiab lwm yam, thaum rau ntau lwm tus nws tsis ruaj khov. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab xim, koj yuav tsum xub tau txais cov nti tshiab.
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau qhov tseeb tias kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov ntxhia pob zeb kuj muab rau cov tswv yim xws li cov xim ntawm cov kab (cov hmoov av), uas feem ntau tsis txawv ntawm cov qauv. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, kuj muaj breeds nyob rau hauv uas cov xim ntawm cov hmoov yog ho txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej. Piv txwv li, lawv suav nrog calcite, uas tuaj yeem ua daj, dawb, xiav, xiav, thiab ntau lwm yam kev hloov pauv, tab sis cov hmoov yuav nyob dawb lawm.
Powder, lossis qhov zoo ntawm cov ntxhia, tau txais ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), uas yuav tsum tsis txhob npog nrog cov glaze thiabNtawm cov kws tshaj lij, nws tsuas yog hu ua "biscuit". Ib txoj kab nrog cov ntxhia txiav txim siab yog kos raws nws qhov chaw, tom qab ntawd nws yog me ntsis smeared nrog tus ntiv tes. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias qhov nyuaj, nrog rau cov ntxhia tawv heev tsis txhob tso tseg ib qho kab hauv qab vim tias lawv yuav tsuas khawb qhov "biscuit", yog li koj yuav tsum xub muab ib feem ntawm lawv mus rau hauv daim ntawv dawb, thiab. ces rub nws mus rau lub xeev xav tau.
Cleev
Lub tswv yim no txhais tau hais tias cov cuab yeej ntawm cov pob zeb tawg los yog sib cais hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, tawm hauv qhov ci ntsa iab. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov tseeb tias Erasmus Bartholin, uas nrhiav pom cov cuab yeej no, xa cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb mus rau ib qho kev tso cai ncaj ncees, suav nrog cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo xws li Boyle, Hooke, Newton thiab ntau lwm tus, tab sis lawv tau lees paub qhov kev tshawb pom tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, thiab cov kev cai lij choj tsis raug, txawm hais tias ib puas xyoo tom qab nws tau pom tias tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tau raug.
Yog li, muaj tsib lub ntsiab gradations ntawm cleavage:
- zoo meej heev - cov ntxhia tau yooj yim faib ua cov phiaj me me;
- zoo meej - nrog rau txhua qhov rauj tshuab, cov qauv yuav muab faib ua ntu, uas txwv los ntawm cov dav hlau cleavage;
- ntshiab lossis nruab nrab - thaum sim faib cov ntxhia, cov khoom tawg yog tsim, uas txwv tsis yog los ntawm cov dav hlau cleavage nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm qhov chaw tsis sib xws hauv cov lus qhia random;
- imperfect - pom muaj tseebcomplexities;
- tsis zoo tag nrho - yuav luag tsis muaj qhov sib cais.
Qee cov zaub mov muaj ntau cov lus qhia cleavage ib zaug, uas feem ntau dhau los ua lawv qhov kev kuaj mob tseem ceeb.
Kink
Lub tswv yim no txhais tau tias qhov chaw ntawm qhov sib cais, uas tsis dhau ntawm qhov cleavage hauv cov pob zeb. Txog niaj hnub no, nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm tsib hom kev puas tsuaj:
- smooth - tsis muaj qhov pom qhov nkhaus ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis nws tsis yog daim iav-sleev, ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv nrog cleavage;
- stepped - raug rau cov muaju uas muaj ntau dua lossis tsawg dua thiab meej meej cleavage;
- tsis sib xws - tshwm sim, piv txwv li, hauv apatite, nrog rau ntau lwm cov zaub mov uas muaj qhov tsis zoo tag nrho;
- splintered - tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov zaub mov muaj fiber ntau thiab zoo ib yam li tawg ntoo hla cov nplej;
- conchoidal - zoo ib yam li lub plhaub;
Lwm yam khoom
Ntau ntau cov zaub mov muaj xws li kev kuaj mob lossis qhov txawv ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab nws, nws yog txoj cai los siv tus qauv ntsuas ntsuas lossis rab riam tshwj xeeb hlau nplaum. Kev ntsuam xyuas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua raws li nram no: ib tug me me los yog ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov hmoov ntawm cov khoom xeem, tom qab uas nws yog kov nrog ib tug magnetized riam los yog horseshoe. Yog tias, tom qab cov txheej txheem no, cov ntxhia hais pib nyiam, qhov noqhia tias muaj ib qho kev sib nqus. Thaum siv lub compass, nws tau muab tso rau ntawm ib qho chaw tiaj tus, tom qab ntawd lawv tos lub xub kom sib haum thiab nqa cov pob zeb hauv av rau nws, tsis txhob kov lub cuab yeej nws tus kheej. Yog tus xub pib txav mus, qhov no qhia tau tias nws yog magnetic.
Qee cov zaub mov uas muaj cov ntsev carbonic, thaum raug hydrochloric acid, pib tso carbon dioxide, uas tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm npuas, uas yog vim li cas ntau tus neeg hu qhov no "boiling". Ntawm cov zaub mov no sawv tawm: malachite, calcite, chalk, marble thiab limestone.
Tsis tas li, qee cov tshuaj tuaj yeem yaj tau zoo hauv dej. Qhov peev xwm ntawm cov zaub mov no yooj yim los txiav txim siab los ntawm saj, thiab tshwj xeeb, qhov no siv rau pob zeb ntsev, nrog rau cov ntsev ntsev thiab lwm yam.
Yog tias nws yuav tsum tau ua cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov zaub mov rau fusibility thiab combustion, ces koj yuav tsum xub nti tawm ib tug me me ntawm cov qauv, thiab ces siv tweezers coj nws ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub nplaim taws los ntawm lub gas burner, lub teeb ntsuj plig los yog tswm ciab.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej
Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej, ntau yam minerals tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm intergrowths los yog ib tug crystals, thiab kuj yuav pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pawg. Cov tom kawg muaj ntau cov nplej uas muaj cov qauv hauv crystalline. Yog li, muaj peb pawg tseem ceeb uas muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo li:
- isometric, sib npaug tsim nyob rau hauv tag nrho peb cov lus qhia;
- elongated, muaj ntau elongated duab nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia;
- elongated nyob rau hauv ob qho kev qhia thaum ua tus thib peb luv.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qee cov zaub mov tuaj yeem tsim cov pob zeb sib xyaw ua ke, uas yog hu ua ntxaib, tees thiab lwm lub npe. Cov qauv zoo li no feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tshuam lossis kev sib tshuam ntawm cov muaju.
Views
Tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov kev sib tshuam tsis tu ncua thiab cov khoom sib xyaw tsis tu ncua ntawm cov muaju, piv txwv li, nrog " txhuam" lossis druses uas loj hlob ntawm phab ntsa ntawm qhov tsua thiab ntau qhov kab noj hniav hauv pob zeb. Druses yog intergrowths tsim los ntawm ob peb ntau dua los yog tsawg dua cov muaju thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm loj hlob ntawm ib kawg mus rau tej yam pob zeb. Lawv tsim yuav tsum muaj qhov qhib kab noj hniav, uas tso cai rau kev loj hlob dawb ntawm cov zaub mov.
Ntawm lwm yam, ntau cov khoom siv crystalline yog qhov txawv ntawm cov duab tsis zoo, uas ua rau tsim cov dendrites, sinter forms, thiab lwm yam. Qhov tsim ntawm dendrites yog vim yog crystallization sai heev ntawm cov zaub mov nyob rau hauv nyias cov kab nrib pleb thiab qhov hws, thiab cov pob zeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no pib zoo li cov ceg ntoo txawv txawv.
Feem ntau muaj cov xwm txheej thaum cov zaub mov yuav luag tag nrho qhov chaw me me, uas ua rau tsim cov kua qaub. Lawv siv ib tug concentric qauv, thiabcov ntxhia khoom sau nws mus rau qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub periphery. Muaj cov kua paug loj txaus, uas muaj qhov chaw khoob hauv, feem ntau hu ua geodes, thaum me me hu ua tonsils.
Nodules yog concretions ntawm qhov tsis xwm yeem puag ncig lossis kheej kheej, qhov tsim ntawm qhov tshwm sim vim muaj cov khoom siv pob zeb hauv av nyob ib puag ncig ib qho chaw. Heev feem ntau, lawv yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug radially radiant nyob rau hauv cov qauv, thiab tsis zoo li secretions, kev loj hlob tshwm sim, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, mus rau lub periphery ntawm qhov chaw.
