Turkmen (Türkmençe, türkmen dili; تۆرکمن دﻴﻠی, تۆرکمنچه [tʏɾkmɛntʃɛ, tʏɾkmɛn dɪlɪ]) yog hom lus ntawm Turkmenistan. Nws yog lus Turkic hais los ntawm 3.5 lab tus tib neeg hauv Turkmenistan, lossis 72% ntawm cov pejxeem, nrog rau kwv yees li 719,000 tus neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb Iran thiab 1.5 lab nyob rau sab qaum teb Afghanistan. Tsis yog txhua tus "Turkmen" nyob rau sab qaum teb Iran yog cov neeg hais lus ib txwm muaj, ntau tus ntawm lawv hais Turkic Khorasani.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Cov lus ntawm Turkmenistan yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub poob lossis Oguz ceg ntawm Turkic dialects. Nws cov kev lig kev cai muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th AD. e. Tom qab ntawd, cov kws sau ntawv Turkmen pib siv Chagatai cov lus sau ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj (Chagatai) hom lus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th thiab 19th, ib qho tshwj xeeb Turkmen cov lus sau tau pib tshwm. Tshiab puag ncig ntawm kev txhim khopib tom qab Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917 nrog kev qhia txog cov lus sau raws li kev hais lus Turkmen.
Cov lus tau sau ua cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic txog xyoo 1927, tom qab ntawd cov tsiaj ntawv Latin tau siv nrog qee qhov kev hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, cov tsiaj ntawv Latin tau hloov los ntawm Cyrillic nyob rau hauv 1940. Nws tau txais los ua hom lus ntawm Turkmenistan hauv xyoo 1991 nrog rau tsab cai lij choj tshiab thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev ywj pheej. Niaj hnub no nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem thiab tsev kawm. Feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv raug luam tawm hauv Turkmen.
hom lus
Zoo li txhua yam lus Turkic, Turkmen yog agglutinative, uas yog, grammatical kev sib raug zoo yog qhia los ntawm kev ntxiv cov ntsiab lus rau stems. Tsis muaj prefixes, yog li cov lus ua raws ib leeg, qee zaum ua rau cov lus ntev. Muaj cov kev cai sib txawv rau lawv qhov kev txiav txim. Turkmens siv postpositions es tsis yog prepositions los qhia txog qee qhov kev sib raug zoo grammatical. Hauv cov lus niaj hnub no, kev ntxhov siab feem ntau poob rau lub suab lus kawg.
Turkmen cov npe muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- Tsis muaj grammatical poj niam txiv neej.
- Muaj ob tus lej: tus lej thiab ntau tus lej.
- 6 case. Lawv raug cim nrog cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tswj hwm los ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov lus tshaj tawm.
- No articles.
thib ob feem ntau hais lus
Lavxias teb sab yog hom lus thib ob nrov tshaj plaws hauv Turkmenistan, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv nroog thiab nroog. ATLub teb chaws yog lub tsev rau ntau tshaj 250,000 haiv neeg Russians, feem ntau yog cov concentrated nyob rau sab qaum teb. Lavxias teb sab yog hais txog 12% ntawm cov pejxeem. Ashgabat, lub peev ntawm Turkmenistan, muaj coob tus neeg hais lus Lavxias. Qhov nrov ntawm ob hom lus uas tau hais ntau tshaj plaws tau poob qis rau ntau xyoo. Qhov kev poob qis yog piav qhia los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov tub ceev xwm kom tshem tawm cov lus Lavxias los ntawm kev siv pej xeem. Cov tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias raug kaw. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj kev siv zog ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, Lavxias tseem yog lwm hom lus lossis ob hom lus rau feem ntau Turkmens.
Lwm yam lus hauv Turkmenistan muaj txog 7% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem thiab suav nrog Kazakh, Tatar, Ukrainian thiab Azeri. Lawv tau siv los ntawm cov haiv neeg tsawg, feem ntau yog hom lus thib ob, thaum cov neeg ib txwm sim kawm Turkmen. Feem ntau cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov haiv neeg tsawg no yog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw nyob ze.
Turkmen lus hauv cov ntaub ntawv
Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Turkmens. Lawv tsis muaj lawv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub sij hawm lawv nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm lub Khivans, Bukharans thiab Persians, tsis muaj ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb kev rau siab khaws cia tej hauj lwm ntawm Turkmen sau ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm txog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Turkmen feem ntau yog qhov xwm txheej thiab raug xa tawm ntawm qhov ncauj. Ntau yam uas paub yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej, pom nyob rau hauv tom qab thiab feem ntau fragmentary manuscripts los yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab lig kev cai ntawm lub bakhshi (bards).
Tom qab ntawd, tom qab kev hloov pauv ntawm Turkmens hauv Khorezm (hauv niaj hnub Turkmenistan thiab Uzbekistan), cov ntaub ntawv Turkmen classic tau tshwm sim. Lub Uzbek Khan Shir Gazi patronized Turkmen kws sau paj lug Andalib, uas siv lub zos daim ntawv ntawm cov lus Chagatai. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm classical Azerbaijani poetic forms kuj tsim nyog sau cia hauv nws cov paj huam.
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Soviet thiab tom qab kev ywj pheej ntawm Turkmenistan, cov haujlwm ntawm Makhtumkuli tau suav tias yog nrov heev. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Turkmen sau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog Berdi Kerbabaev. Nws tau nto moo rau qhov tshiab Aigitli Adim (The Decisive Step).
