Hnub no, ntau lub tebchaws tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb thermonuclear. Cov thawj coj yog European Union, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Russia thiab Nyij Pooj, thaum cov haujlwm ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Brazil, Canada thiab Kauslim tau loj hlob sai. Thaum pib, fusion reactors hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab USSR tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim riam phom nuclear thiab tseem raug cais tawm mus txog thaum Atoms for Peace lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv Geneva xyoo 1958. Tom qab lub creation ntawm lub Soviet tokamak, nuclear fusion kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1970 los ua ib tug "loj science". Tab sis tus nqi thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov cuab yeej tau nce mus rau qhov chaw uas kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb yog tib txoj hauv kev rau pem hauv ntej.
Fusion reactors hauv ntiaj teb
Txij li xyoo 1970, kev lag luam siv fusion zog tau raug thawb rov qab los ntawm 40 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo tas los no uas tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm no.
Ntau lub tokamaks tau tsim, suav nrog European JET, British MAST thiab kev sim fusion reactor TFTR hauv Princeton, Tebchaws Asmeskas. Txoj haujlwm ITER thoob ntiaj teb tam sim no tab tom tsim kho hauv Cadarache, Fabkis. Nws yuav dhau los ua qhov loj tshaj plawstokamak thaum nws pib ua haujlwm hauv 2020. Xyoo 2030, CFETR yuav tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb, uas yuav dhau ntawm ITER. Lub caij no, PRC tab tom tshawb fawb txog EAST kev sim superconducting tokamak.
Fusion reactors ntawm lwm hom - stellators - kuj nrov nrog cov kws tshawb fawb. Ib qho loj tshaj plaws, LHD, tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm Nyiv National Fusion Institute hauv 1998. Nws yog siv los nrhiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws sib nqus plasma confinement configuration. Lub koom haum German Max Planck tau tshawb fawb txog Wendelstein 7-AS reactor hauv Garching ntawm 1988 thiab 2002, thiab tam sim no ntawm Wendelstein 7-X, uas tau tsim kho rau ntau tshaj 19 xyoo. Lwm tus TJII stellarator tab tom ua haujlwm hauv Madrid, Spain. Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), qhov twg thawj fusion reactor ntawm hom no tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1951, tau tso tseg kev tsim kho ntawm NCSX xyoo 2008 vim raug nqi overruns thiab tsis muaj nyiaj txiag.
Ntxiv rau, kev nce qib tseem ceeb tau ua tiav hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm inertial thermonuclear fusion. Kev tsim kho ntawm $ 7 billion National Ignition Facility (NIF) ntawm Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), tau txais nyiaj los ntawm National Nuclear Security Administration, tau ua tiav thaum Lub Peb Hlis 2009. Fab Kis Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) tau pib ua haujlwm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2014. Fusion reactors siv li 2 lab joules ntawm lub teeb lub zog xa los ntawm lasers nyob rau hauv ob peb billions ntawm ib tug thib ob mus rau lub hom phiaj ob peb millimeters loj los pib ib tug nuclear fusion cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm NIF thiab LMJyog cov kev tshawb fawb los txhawb kev ua tub rog hauv tebchaws nuclear.
ITER
Nyob rau xyoo 1985, Soviet Union tau thov kom tsim cov tiam tom ntej tokamak ua ke nrog Europe, Nyiv thiab Asmeskas. Txoj haujlwm tau ua raws li kev txhawb nqa ntawm IAEA. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1988 thiab 1990, thawj cov qauv tsim rau International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, ITER, uas kuj txhais tau tias "txoj kev" lossis "txoj kev" hauv Latin, tau tsim los ua pov thawj tias fusion tuaj yeem tsim lub zog ntau dua li nws tuaj yeem nqus tau. Canada thiab Kazakhstan kuj tau koom nrog kev sib kho ntawm Euratom thiab Russia raws.
Tom qab 6 xyoo, ITER Pawg Thawj Coj tau pom zoo thawj qhov kev sib koom ua ke reactor raws li tsim lub cev thiab thev naus laus zis, muaj nqis txog $ 6 nphom. Tom qab ntawd Asmeskas tau thim tawm ntawm lub koom haum, uas tau yuam kom lawv txo tus nqi thiab hloov qhov project. Qhov tshwm sim yog ITER-FEAT, raug nqi $ 3 nphom tab sis tso cai rau cov lus teb rau tus kheej thiab muaj zog sib npaug.
Hauv xyoo 2003, Asmeskas tau koom nrog koom nrog, thiab Tuam Tshoj tshaj tawm nws txoj kev xav koom nrog. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-2005, cov neeg koom tes tau pom zoo los tsim ITER hauv Cadarache nyob rau sab qab teb Fabkis. EU thiab Fabkis tau pab nyiaj ib nrab ntawm € 12.8 billion, thaum Nyiv, Tuam Tshoj, Kaus Lim Qab Teb, Asmeskas thiab Russia tau pab 10% txhua. Nyiv muab cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis, tuav lub € 1 billion IFMIF qhov chaw rau kev sim cov ntaub ntawv, thiab muaj cai tsim lub reactor tom ntej. Tus nqi tag nrho ntawm ITER suav nrog ib nrab ntawm tus nqi ntawm 10-xyookev tsim kho thiab ib nrab - rau 20 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Is Nrias teb tau dhau los ua tus tswv cuab thib xya ntawm ITER thaum kawg ntawm 2005
Kev sim yuav tsum pib xyoo 2018 siv hydrogen kom tsis txhob muaj hlau nplaum ua kom muaj zog. Kev siv D-T plasma tsis xav tau ua ntej 2026
ITER lub hom phiaj yog tsim kom muaj 500 MW (tsawg kawg rau 400 s) siv tsawg dua 50 MW ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis tsim hluav taws xob.
Lub 2-gigawatt demo fais fab nroj tsuag Demo yuav tsim hluav taws xob loj loj nyob rau hauv tsis tu ncua. Lub tswv yim tsim rau Demo yuav ua kom tiav los ntawm 2017, nrog rau kev tsim kho pib xyoo 2024. Lub community launch yuav muaj nyob rau hauv 2033.
JET
Nyob rau xyoo 1978, EU (Euratom, Sweden thiab Switzerland) tau pib koom tes European JET project hauv UK. JET yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ua haujlwm tokamak hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Ib qho zoo sib xws JT-60 reactor ua haujlwm ntawm Nyiv National Fusion Fusion Institute, tab sis tsuas yog JET tuaj yeem siv cov roj deuterium-tritium.
Lub reactor tau tsim tawm hauv xyoo 1983, thiab tau los ua thawj qhov kev sim, uas ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm thermonuclear fusion nrog lub zog txog li 16 MW rau ib thib ob thiab 5 MW ntawm lub zog ruaj khov ntawm deuterium-tritium plasma thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1991. Ntau qhov kev sim tau ua tiav txhawm rau kawm txog ntau yam txheej txheem cua sov thiab lwm yam txuj ci.
Kev txhim kho ntxiv rau JET yog txhawm rau txhim kho nws lub zog. Lub MAST compact reactor tab tom tsim ua ke nrog JET thiab yog ib feem ntawm ITER project.
K-STAR
K-STAR yog Korean superconducting tokamak los ntawm National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI) hauv Daejeon, uas tsim nws thawj cov ntshav hauv nruab nrab xyoo 2008. Qhov no yog qhov kev sim ntawm ITER, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb. Lub 1.8 m radius tokamak yog thawj reactor siv superconducting Nb3Sn hlau nplaum, tib yam uas tau npaj yuav siv hauv ITER. Thaum thawj theem, ua tiav los ntawm 2012, K-STAR yuav tsum ua pov thawj qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov thev naus laus zis yooj yim thiab ua tiav cov ntshav ntshav nrog lub sijhawm ntev txog 20 s. Nyob rau theem thib ob (2013-2017), nws tab tom hloov kho kom kawm cov pulses ntev txog 300 s hauv H hom thiab hloov mus rau qhov ua tau zoo AT hom. Lub hom phiaj ntawm theem peb (2018-2023) yog kom ua tiav kev ua haujlwm siab thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv hom mem tes tas li. Nyob rau theem 4 (2023-2025), DEMO thev naus laus zis yuav raug sim. Cov cuab yeej tsis muaj peev xwm tritium thiab tsis siv roj D-T.
K-DEMO
Tsim los koom tes nrog US Department of Energy lub Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb NFRI, K-DEMO tau teeb tsa los ua cov kauj ruam tom ntej hauv kev lag luam reactor kev tsim kho tom qab ITER, thiab yuav yog thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob. muaj peev xwm tsim hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob network, uas yog 1 lab kW hauv ob peb lub lis piam. Nws txoj kab uas hla yuav yog 6.65 m, thiab nws yuav muaj qhov chaw tsim khoom tsim ua ib feem ntawm DEMO project. Korean Ministry of Education, Science thiab Technologynpaj nqis peev txog 1 trillion yeej ($ 941 lab) hauv nws.
EAST
Suav Kev Tshawb Fawb Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) ntawm Suav Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Physics hauv Hefei tsim hydrogen plasma ntawm 50 lab ° C thiab tuav nws rau 102 vib nas this.
TFTR
Hauv Asmeskas chav kuaj PPPL, qhov kev sim thermonuclear reactor TFTR ua haujlwm los ntawm 1982 txog 1997. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1993, TFTR tau los ua thawj qhov sib nqus tokamak los ua cov kev sim dav dav nrog deuterium-tritium plasma. Xyoo tom ntej, lub reactor tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv tom qab 10.7 MW ntawm lub zog tswj tau, thiab xyoo 1995, cov ntaub ntawv ionized roj kub ntawm 510 lab ° C tau mus txog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw tsis tau ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib zog ua kom sib zog, tab sis ua tiav cov hom phiaj tsim kho vajtse, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho ITER.
LHD
LHD ntawm Nyiv Lub Tebchaws Fusion Fusion Lub Tsev Haujlwm hauv Toki, Gifu Prefecture yog tus neeg paub txog ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Lub fusion reactor tau tsim tawm hauv xyoo 1998 thiab tau ua kom pom cov plasma confinement zoo piv rau lwm qhov chaw loj. ion kub ntawm 13.5 keV (kwv yees 160 lab ° C) thiab lub zog ntawm 1.44 MJ tau mus txog.
Wendelstein 7-X
Tom qab ib xyoos ntawm kev sim uas pib thaum kawg ntawm 2015, qhov kub ntawm helium luv luv mus txog 1 lab ° C. Nyob rau hauv 2016, ib tug fusion reactor nrog hydrogenplasma, siv 2 MW ntawm lub zog, mus txog qhov kub ntawm 80 lab ° C hauv ib lub hlis twg ntawm ib thib ob. W7-X yog tus neeg paub txog dab neeg loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thiab tau npaj ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua rau 30 feeb. Tus nqi ntawm lub reactor yog 1 billion €.
NIF
Lub National Ignition Facility (NIF) ntawm Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) tau ua tiav rau lub Peb Hlis 2009. Siv nws 192 laser kab teeb, NIF muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb 60 lub zog ntau dua li yav dhau los laser system.
Lub Peb Hlis 1989, ob tus kws tshawb fawb, Asmeskas Stanley Pons thiab British Martin Fleischman, tshaj tawm tias lawv tau tsim lub desktop txias fusion reactor ua haujlwm ntawm chav tsev kub. Cov txheej txheem muaj nyob rau hauv electrolysis ntawm hnyav dej siv palladium electrodes, uas deuterium nuclei tau concentrated ntawm ib tug siab ceev. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias cov cua sov tau tsim los tsuas yog piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem nuclear, thiab muaj fusion los ntawm cov khoom xws li helium, tritium thiab neutrons. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm tus neeg sim ua tsis tau rov ua qhov kev paub no. Feem ntau ntawm cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb tsis ntseeg tias txias fusion reactors yog tiag.
Lub zog qis nuclear kev tawm tsam
Pib los ntawm kev thov ntawm "kev sib xyaw txias", kev tshawb fawb tau txuas ntxiv mus rau thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsawg, nrog qee qhov kev txhawb nqa, tab sistsis yog ib qho kev lees paub kev piav qhia dav dav. Thaj, tsis muaj zog nuclear kev sib cuam tshuam yog siv los tsim thiab ntes neutrons (tsis yog lub zog muaj zog, xws li hauv nuclear fission lossis fusion). Kev sim muaj xws li permeation ntawm hydrogen los yog deuterium los ntawm lub txaj catalytic thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hlau. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm txog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Qhov piv txwv tseem ceeb yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hydrogen nrog nickel hmoov nrog kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub, qhov ntau dua li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem muab tau.
