Soviet roob kev ncig tebchaws pib hauv thaj av Elbrus - hauv Greater Caucasus. Nws nyob ntawm no tias cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm lub voj voog roob roob tuaj ua kev ncaws pob. Yuav luag txhua qhov kev nce qib pib los ntawm lub zos Urusbiev, thiab qhov pib tau ua txawm tias ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig.
Dhau li ntawm Elbrus nws tus kheej thiab nws qhov ua siab tshaj, cov neeg ncig tebchaws tau xav txog cov dej khov loj uas npog feem ntau ntawm cov roob ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb - glaciers. Tsis muaj ib qho, tab sis ob peb ntawm Elbrus.
Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav ntawm Elbrus icing
Tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm cov dej khov ntawm Elbrus yog 134 square kilometers. Qhov no yog yuav luag kaum feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm North Caucasian glaciations uas twb muaj lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntev ntawm cov glaciers lawv tus kheej tsis loj heev, qee qhov ntawm lawv tsuas yog rau los yog cuaj kilometers. Txawm tias muaj ntau dua. Piv txwv li, Bezengi muaj lub cev ntev 16 kilometers thiab 600 meters ntev, thiab qhov loj tshaj plawslub Himalayan glacier ntawm Elbrus - Gangotri - stretches rau 33 kilometers raws ridges.
Glaciers
Tag nrho cov glaciers ntawm Elbrus hnub no yog nees nkaum-peb. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog txawv kiag li nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab tsos. Qee tus dai ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj, dhau sij hawm lawv tus nplaig ntog tawm ntawm lub cev loj nrog lub suab nrov, ua rau lub avalanches muaj zog tshaj plaws.
Cov npe ntawm Elbrus glaciers yog qhov nthuav heev: Loj Azau, Kokurtly, Irik, Garabashi, Teskol, Kogutai (peb kawg yog cov dai). Ntau qhov chaw nyob hauv hav thiab kev nyuaj siab.
Ullukam yog suav tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws revived glacier ntawm Elbrus. Nws lub taub hau npog lub ntug ntawm ib qho kev thaiv sab laug los ntawm kev tawg thaum ub. Feem ntau, tom qab nws lub cev qhuav dej, ib qho dej khov muaj zog tau tsim: cov dej khov poob ntau pua meters thiab txuas nrog cov dej ntws ntawm Kuban.
thaj chaw ntawm cov dej khov
daus nyob mus ib txhis ntawm Elbrus nyob ntawm qhov siab ntawm 3850 meters los ntawm sab qaum teb txoj kab nqes, sab qab teb muaj kab icing qis dua. Geography ntawm glaciers tsis sib xws. Lub thickness ntawm lub hau yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw, nrog rau qhov tob ntawm lub hav uas cov dej khov yaj ntws. Daus tuaj yeem nce mus txog ib puas meters tob.
Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, Elbrus glacial ntws tau ntev npaum li cas. Nyob rau hauv lub lowland, lawv merged nrog cov glaciers ntawm lwm lub roob nyob ze, thiab lub hwj chim ntawm cov dej ntws hla lub nto ntawm cov av. Cov kwj ha ntawm tus dej Kuban, Malka thiab Baksan tom qab tsim hauv cheeb tsam no.
Kev nyab xeeb hloov tau ua rau cov dej khov pib xaub hauv qab kab daus. Ib qho ntawm cov dej khov loj tshaj plaws - Loj Azau - nce siab ntawm ob kilometers saum hiav txwv theem. Ntau lub glaciers ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus kawg tsim cov dej khov grottoes ntawm kev zoo nkauj zoo kawg li, los ntawm cov kwj deg ntau ntws zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv lawv qhov nruab nrab, ib tug tuaj yeem nrhiav tau lub khob loj loj-zoo li moraines, tsim los ntawm xwm los ntawm av nplaum thiab pob zeb thiab tsoo los ntawm glaciers ntawm ancient sij hawm. Hauv qee qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem pom cov pas dej tsis muaj zog ib zaug kuj tsim los ntawm cov dej khov. Ob peb centuries dhau los, glaciers ntawm Elbrus mus txog lub zos Khurzuk.
Thickness
Qhov tuab ntawm cov dej khov ntawm Elbrus tsis tshaj 150 meters. Kev ntsuas tau ua ntau dua 500 cov ntsiab lus. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nyob ntawm qhov siab ntawm 3600 meters mus rau 4200 meters, thiab qhov qis dua qhov dej khov mus, qhov nyias nyias.
Nyob rau ntawm txoj kab nqes hav ze ntawm lub ncov, qhov tuab ntawm cov dej khov nce mus txog 40 meters xwb, thiab ntawm lub eeb 50. Sab hnub tuaj ntawm Elbrus kuj nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov dej khov mus ib txhis 50 meters tuab. Nyob rau thaj tsam sab hnub poob, cov dej khov ntawm Elbrus nce nws lub zog mus rau 100 meters hauv qhov tob.
Volume
Qhov tseeb nthuav yog qhov ntim ntawm cov glaciers. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, qhov ntim ntawm tag nrho cov dej khov npog ntawm Elbrus yog kwv yees li 11 km 3, thiab tag nrho cov huab hwm coj yog 10 billion tons. Yog tias tag nrho cov glaciers ntawm Elbrus melted, ces tus nqi ntawm cov dej tau txais yuav sib npaug rau peb qhov tseem ceeb uas tus dej Moscow muab tau rau hauv 3 xyoos.
Kev txav ntawm cov dej khov
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov khoom yas zoo heev ntawm cov dej khov, vim qhov lawv txav tau tshwm sim. Qhov no tsuas yog pom tau nrog kev pab los ntawm kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb, tab sis qhov ceev nws tus kheej nyob ntawm ntau yam. Feem ntau ntawm cov dej khov ntawm Elbrus txav ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 10 centimeters ib hnub twg. Ob lub glaciers ntawm Elbrus - Loj Azau thiab Terskol - txav ntawm qhov nrawm dua - txog 50 centimeters ib hnub nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, tab sis hauv qee qhov chaw lawv txav mus rau ob peb millimeters hauv 24 teev.
Ua tsaug rau qhov txav ntawm cov dej khov, lawv tas li txuas ntxiv lawv daim npog. Thiab yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov ntev ntawm lub glacier ntawm 10 kilometers, thiab lub zog ntawm 10 centimeters nyob rau hauv ib hnub, ces cov dej khov tshiab yuav ncav cuag tus nplaig tsuas yog tom qab ob puas thiab tsib caug xyoo los yog ntau tshaj. Nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias qhov kev rov ua tiav tiav ntawm lub glacier tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Tab sis cov dej khov thaum ub feem ntau tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas nws tau xyaum ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog: nyob rau hauv qab ntawm txheej firn uas ua rau lub qhov tsua excavations ntawm Elbrus.
Tsim cov dej khov npog ntawm Elbrus
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom tias yav dhau los muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov ntawm cov roob siab thiab lava tawg los ntawm lub qhov tsua. Hauv qhov kev sib txuas no, lava ntws ntws cov dej khov dej khov, thiab qee qhov tau raug puas tsuaj tag.
Nws tau raug tsim tsa tias lub sijhawm kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Elbrus ua lub roob hluav taws tau tshwm sim ob txhiab xyoo dhau los, tom qab ntawd nws tau txais nws cov qauv niaj hnub. Cov dej khov tau nthuav dav thiab nthuav dav, tsim ntau yamyam lus. nqis los ntawm lub ncov, nws puv tag nrho cov hav uas nyob ze thiab khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob.
Tab sis dhau ib puas xyoo dhau los, qhov zoo ntawm Elbrus glaciers tau deteriorated loj: lawv "lub cev" tau dhau los ua nyias, thiab cov tsim ntawm lub npe hu ua "dej dej khov tuag" tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov lowlands (ice npog nrog cov khib nyiab. sab laug ntawm av nkos, landslides, thiab lwm yam). "Cov dej khov tuag" tsis muaj peev xwm txav tau nws tus kheej, yog li nws sai sai cais tawm ntawm cov dej khov rov qab.
Lub moraine ridges sab laug los ntawm xwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev txiav hais txog lub qub greatness ntawm lub Elbrus glaciers. Lawv tau khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus vim tsis muaj cov av fertile ntawm lawv qhov chaw thiab sawv tawm ci ntsa iab hauv thaj chaw nyom. Nyob rau hauv ob centuries dhau los, glaciers tau txo lawv cov thickness li ntawm rau caum centimeters, thiab lawv ntim rau ib quarter ntawm lawv tag nrho cov loj. Tus nplaig thim rov qab li ob mais.
Vim tias cov kws tshawb fawb hu cov xwm txheej huab cua ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb cyclical, atmospheric rov tshwm sim dua 1800 xyoo. Thiab nyob rau hauv txhua lub voj voog, lub ntiaj teb ua kom sov yog maj mam hloov los ntawm qhov txias tshaj plaws.
Hnub no lub ntiaj teb yog nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm kev ua kom sov, uas yog provoked tsis yog los ntawm kev ua phem ntawm noob neej. Piv txwv li, qhov txias yuav tuaj los ntawm 2400, uas txhais tau hais tias kom txog thaum lub sijhawm ntawd cov glaciers yuav rov qab mus ntxiv.
Kev piav qhia ntawm cov dej khov loj tshaj plaws ntawm Elbrus
Qhov twg yog qhov ntev tshaj plaws? Nws lub npe yog paub rau txhua tus neeg nce toj lossis roob trekking enthusiast. Qhov no yogLoj Azau. Thiab nws ncav cuag 9 km. Nws cheeb tsam tag nrho yog 23 km2.
Nws tawm peb caug meters txhua xyoo. Tus nplaig ntawm qhov dej khov Elbrus no tau muab zais rau hauv ib txheej ntawm gravel.
Nws tus khub - me Azau - muaj thaj tsam ntawm 8.5 km, ntev 7.6 km, tuab ntawm 100 m.
Los ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub roob hluav taws dormant nqis los ntawm Garbashi glacier, ntev 7 km thiab nrog thaj tsam ntawm 5 km2. Lub Terskol glacier yog tib qhov ntev, tab sis Irik yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ntev mus rau Loj Arzau, tab sis qis dua rau hauv cheeb tsam - tsuas yog 10 km 2. Zoo, me me - Irikchat glacier yog 2.5 km ntev2 thiab thaj tsam ntawm 1 km2.
