Nyob hauv ntiaj teb no nrog nws cov kev lag luam tsim thiab kev sib tw loj hlob, cov tuam ntxhab ntawm ntau yam khoom thiab cov neeg muab kev pabcuam siv zog los ntawm txhua txoj kev los ua pov thawj rau cov neeg siv khoom tias lawv cov khoom yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, txhim khu kev qha, nyiam thiab nyab xeeb. Ib txheej txheem xws li kev ntsuam xyuas kev ua raws li lawv txoj kev pab.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus
Kev ntsuas kev sib haum xeeb yog ib qho pov thawj ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov kev cai tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm (cov qauv, cov kev cai thiab cov xwm txheej) lossis tshaj tawm los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom rau qhov khoom ntawm kev ntsuas. Cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua raws li tau teev tseg hauv Txoj Cai "Rau Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Lag Luam" thiab lwm yam kev cai lij choj ntawm Lavxias Federation.
Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm yog cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa uas lees paub kev ua raws li cov khoom ntsuas nrog cov kev cai tswj hwm ntawm GOST thiab cov kev cai lij choj lossis cov xwm txheej tau teev tseg hauv cov ntawv cog lus.
Kev ntsuas kev sib raug zoo yog txheej txheej ntawm kev tswj hwm, cov cai thiab cov txheej txheem siv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntsuas. Muaj ntau theem ntawm kev ntsuas ntsuas - thoob ntiaj teb,regional, teb chaws, subnational.
Yuav ntsuas dab tsi?
Raws li GOST ISO / IEC 17000-2012, cov khoom ntawm kev ntsuas kev sib raug zoo yog cov khoom siv, cov khoom lag luam, cov txheej txheem, txheej txheem, kev teeb tsa, lub cev lossis tus neeg uas tuaj yeem siv cov haujlwm ntsuas. Cov pawg hauv qab no raug txiav txim siab ntawm no raws li "cov khoom lag luam":
- kev pabcuam (kev thauj mus los);
- software (computer software);
- cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis (cov khoom siv tshuab, lub cev muaj zog, thiab lwm yam);
- cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab (lubricants).
Yog tias qhov khoom kawg raug soj ntsuam muaj cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, nws raug cais raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua ub no
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntsuas qhov ua tau raws li cov khoom lag luam lossis kev ua haujlwm yog txhawm rau txiav txim siab seb cov khoom puas ua tau raws li cov kev cai tsim, uas cov txiaj ntsig tiag tiag ntawm cov kev tswj hwm tsis zoo yog ntsuas thiab muab piv nrog cov qauv.
Kev lees paub ntawm kev ua raws feem ntau ua haujlwm los lees paub qhov tseeb tias cov khoom raug soj ntsuam raws li kev cai lossis cov cai. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa yog npaj los pab cov neeg yuav khoom hauv kev paub txog kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom, kev ua haujlwm lossis kev pabcuam uas lawv nyiam. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tau txais cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua raws li kev ua haujlwm (cov khoom lag luam) ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom ntsuas hauv tsev thiabkev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Thaum kawg, kev lees paub ntawm kev ua tau zoo pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov xwm txheej kom ntseeg tau ib qho chaw lag luam hauv tsev, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev tshawb fawb, txuj ci thiab kev lag luam.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ntsuas thiab kev lees paub ntawm kev ua raws
Kev ua tiav cov hom phiaj tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau yam tsis tau daws cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- xaiv ntawm ntau qhov ntsuas tau zoo siv los ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntsuas thiab kev pom zoo ntawm kev ua raws;
- teeb tsa qhov tseem ceeb lossis cov qhab nia ua raws (thaum ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas) ntawm qhov ntsuas tsis tau teev tseg thiab kho lawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai;
- kev txiav txim siab ntawm txoj hauv kev thiab txhais tau tias tsim nyog los ua cov haujlwm ntsuam xyuas thiab kev pom zoo;
- tsim kom muaj txheej txheem rau kev siv cov dej num rau kev soj ntsuam thiab kev pom zoo ntawm kev ua raws.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntsuas thiab kev lees paub ntawm kev ua raws
Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntsuas kev sib raug zoo yog cov qauv ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev pom zoo ua haujlwm raws li. Cov no suav nrog:
- pub dawb rau cov neeg txaus siab rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog txheej txheem rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas;
- impermissibility ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb ntawm kev ua raws li cov khoom uas tsis tau tsim los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm kev cai;
- tsim kom muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev cai lij choj rau cov khoom muaj feem ntawm cov npe ntawm cov ntawv thiab cov tswv yim siv rau kev lees paub ntawm kev ua raws;
- qhov tsim nyog los txo lub sijhawm yuav tsum tau ua cov haujlwm lees paub thiab tus nqi ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntsuas;
- kev tsis lees paub ntawm kev quab yuam rau kev yeem daim ntawv pov thawj;
- Tiv thaiv kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg thov, suav nrog kev ua raws li kev lag luam zais cia txog cov ntaub ntawv tau txais hauv chav kawm ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua ub no;
- kev tsis lees paub ntawm kev hloov daim ntawv pov thawj uas yuav tsum tau ua nrog kev yeem.
Cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lees paub ntawm kev ua raws yog tsim thiab siv rau cov khoom, txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kho, tsim khoom, tsim lossis kev ua haujlwm, tsis hais lub tebchaws ntawm lawv cov khoom siv lossis kev siv, nrog rau hom lossis cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam lossis cov chaw tsim khoom, cov neeg ua yeeb yam, cov neeg muag khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom. Yog li, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev lees paub kev ua ub no tsis nyob ntawm daim ntawv uas qhov kev ntsuam xyuas lossis kev pom zoo tau ua.
Daim ntawv rau kev ua haujlwm ntsuas
Cov qauv hauv qab no ntawm kev ntsuas kev sib raug zoo muaj nyob:
- xeev tswj (kev saib xyuas);
- tshaj tawm ntawm kev ua raws (tus neeg tsim khoom pom zoo);
- kev lees paub - lees paub qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub cev lossis chaw kuaj xyuas kev ntsuas kev ua raws;
- lub xeev kev tso npe - kev lees paub ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom tshiab, tshwj xeeb, khoom noj khoom haus, tshuaj noj, thiab lwm yam.;
- test;
- daim ntawv tso cai;
- kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw.
Hom kev lees paub kev lees paub
Kev lees paub ntawm kev ua raws tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev yeem (daim ntawv pov thawj) thiab yuav tsum tau ua (kev lees paub los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev ua raws lossis yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj). Raws li kev cai lij choj Lavxias, tus neeg siv khoom muaj cai xaiv txhua daim ntawv lees paub yuav tsum tau ua, piv txwv li, yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Nco ntsoov tias tsuas yog cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj. Kev ua haujlwm thiab kev pabcuam tsuas tuaj yeem ua raws li daim ntawv pov thawj txaus siab.
Txoj hauv kev kom paub meej tias ua raws li:
- daim ntawv pov thawj thawj ntawm kev ua raws;
- thawj tshaj tawm ntawm kev ua raws;
- daim daim ntawv pov thawj, tau lees paub los ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv lossis daim ntawv pov thawj uas muab cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau tus tuav ntawm tus thawj;
- khoom-nrog cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lossis tus neeg muag khoom rau txhua hom khoom raws li daim ntawv pov thawj lossis cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm kev ua raws, qhia lawv cov ntawv luam tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau lees paub los ntawm kos npe thiab foob ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom (tus neeg muab khoom, tus neeg muag khoom) qhia txog nws cov ntaub ntawv tiv tauj.
Daim ntawv pov thawj yeem
Txoj kev lees paub ntawm kev ua raws li no yog siv los ntawm kev pib ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom raws li kev pom zoo nrog lub cev ntawv pov thawj. Kev yeem daim ntawv pov thawj yog siv los xyuas kom meej tias kev ua raws li cov khoom lossis kev pabcuam nrog lub xeev cov qauv, kev yeem daim ntawv pov thawj, cov qauv kev lag luam, nrog rau cov lus cog tseg.
Yuav tsum tauntawv pov thawj
Cov haujlwm ua pov thawj yuav tsum tau ua tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv uas cov kev cai lij choj tau tsim thiab tsuas yog rau nws ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev cai.
Daim ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum yog hom kev saib xyuas hauv lub xeev txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog tsim los ntawm lub cev ntawv pov thawj raws li kev pom zoo nrog tus neeg siv khoom. Lub cev ua ub ua no yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum tau lees paub raws li txoj cai.
Daim ntawv pov thawj tau txais thiab cov cim ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog siv tau thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation. Daim ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum ua haujlwm tsuas yog kom paub meej tias tus neeg thov ua raws li cov kev cai nyab xeeb uas tseem ceeb rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub neej ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, nrog rau cov khoom ntiag tug thiab ib puag ncig kev nyab xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom lossis kev pabcuam.
Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Ua Raws
Kev xa tawm ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev ua raws yog ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj muab los ntawm tus neeg thov, ntxiv rau cov pov thawj uas tau txais nrog kev koom tes ntawm lwm tus neeg tuaj yeem ntxiv. Cov neeg thov tuaj yeem yog tus kheej thiab cov koom haum. Cov txheej txheem tshaj tawm, nrog rau cov khoom siv rau kev sib cav, yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov kev cai lij choj.
yam ntxwv ntawm hom ntawv pov thawj
Kev sib piv ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hom ntawv pov thawj tau yooj yim nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub rooj.
| yam ntxwv | Certification | |
| mandatory | yeem | |
| Target | kom ntseeg tau ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam, thiab lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb rau cov neeg siv khoom | nce kev sib tw, txhawb cov khoom lag luam thiab kev pabcuam ntawm kev ua lag luam |
| Foundation | kev cai lij choj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation | tshaj tawm los ntawm tus neeg raug cai lossis ib tus neeg (ua raws li cov kev pom zoo ntawm tus neeg siv khoom thiab cov ntawv pov thawj) |
| Object | yuav tsum sau cov khoom thiab kev pabcuam | ib yam khoom thiab kev pabcuam |
| Txhim kho qhov chaw |
yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj - thib peb (Center for Standardization, Metrology and Certification); tshaj tawm - thawj tog (chaw tsim khoom) |
thib peb (tso cai lij choj) |
| Kev Ntsuas Essence | Tshawb xyuas kev ua raws li cov khoom ntawm kev soj ntsuam nrog cov cai ntawm GOST thiab cov kev cai lij choj | hais tias cov khoom ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm tus neeg thov (lossis cov kev xav tau ntxiv ntawm tus neeg thib peb) |
| Txoj cai tswj hwm | xeev cov qauv, kev cai lij choj thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm uas tsim kom muaj cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam | Cov qauv ntawm ntau qib, kev qhia tshwj xeeb thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv qhia kev muab los ntawm tus neeg thov |
| Daim ntawv thiab daim ntawv pov thawj | schemes tsim los ntawm cov kev cai cuam tshuam | daim ntawv pov thawj tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm tus neeg thov thiab muaj cov npe ntawm cov khoom thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv |
Cov luag haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab (cov muag khoom) ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm
Thaum ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ua raws, cov tuam ntxhab thiab cov muag khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov kev pabcuam yuav tsum:
- tsim khoom (muag) cov khoom (ua haujlwm) tsuas yog muaj daim ntawv txhawb nqa;
- kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom tsim lossis muag khoom ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau thiab sau npe nrog cov cim ua raws;
- qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau cov khoom lossis cov ntaub ntawv pabcuam ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua raws;
- txhawb kev tswj hwm thiab saib xyuas cov khoom muaj ntawv pov thawj;
- ncua lossis nres qhov kev tso tawm (muag) ntawm cov khoom, yog tias nws tsis ua raws li cov cai tsim los lossis tom qab daim ntawv pov thawj tas sijhawm, nrog rau tom qab hnub tas sijhawm.
