General hu ua kev kawm, lees paub los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nrog kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, daim ntawv pov thawj tom qab kawm tiav. Cov txheej txheem kev kawm muaj nyob rau hauv kev tau txais cov kev paub yooj yim hauv ntau yam kev qhuab qhia rau kev tsim cov kev xav dav dav, kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev xaiv ntawm txoj haujlwm yav tom ntej. Kev kawm theem pib yog pub dawb, tshwj tsis yog hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntiav, pej xeem thiab yuav tsum tau ua.
Russian kev kawm system
Cov tsev kawm niaj hnub, raws li kev cai lij choj ntawm lub tebchaws, muaj ntau theem. Ministry of Education thiab Science faib lawv mus rau hauv high school, tsev kawm qib siab thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Kev kawm pre-school nyob rau hauv Russia tsis yog yuav tsum tau, txawm hais tias muaj ntau tsev neeg cuv npe kawm lawv cov menyuam nyob rau hauv pej xeem los yog private kindergartens.
Kev kawm theem nrab theem pib pib ntawmmus txog hnub nyoog 6 xyoo thiab txuas ntxiv rau 11 xyoo, tom qab ntawd cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv, ua tiav kev cob qhia ua haujlwm lossis mus nrhiav haujlwm tom qab tau txais daim diploma. Tom qab dhau qhov Kev Xeem Xeem Hauv Xeev, tau txais cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 100-point scale, cov tub ntxhais kawm yav tom ntej xaiv cov tsev kawm qib siab rau lawv qhov tshwj xeeb. Nws suav nrog bachelor's, master's thiab doctoral degrees. Cov neeg thov dhau qhov kev xeem nkag, raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau txais kev nkag mus rau hauv lub xeev cov chaw tau nyiaj los yog txiav txim siab them nyiaj.
Types of schools
Kev Kawm hauv tebchaws Russia yog dawb xwb, tab sis kev kawm theem pib muab lub sijhawm los xaiv ntawm ob hom kev kawm: pej xeem thiab ntiag tug.
thawj tus yog xav tau hauv 98% ntawm cov neeg mob; hauv kev xaiv cov niam txiv, lawv vam khom rau kev siv tau, kev paub ntawm tus kheej thiab thaj chaw nyob. Lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj ib txoj haujlwm hauv xeev yooj yim uas suav tag nrho cov kev kawm tsim nyog rau kev kawm ntxiv. Sijhawm rau kev qhuab qhia raug faib sib npaug.
Cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb, xws li lyceums, gymnasiums lossis tsev kawm ntawv nrog kev kawm txog cov ncauj lus tshwj xeeb - humanitarian, lub cev thiab lej, keeb kwm lossis lus, muab kev pabcuam raws li kev them nyiaj. Nrog rau cov sij hawm ntxiv rau kev kawm tob txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev paub ntau dua hauv ntau qhov chaw piv rau tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem.
sijhawm kawm
Cov kev pab cuam yooj yimkev kawm muab kev cob qhia hauv cov kev kawm dav dav, tsom mus rau kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, kev kawm txog lub teb chaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua, kev coj noj coj ua hauv ntiaj teb - lawv nteg lub hauv paus rau cov kws tshaj lij yav tom ntej thiab nthuav dav lawv lub qab ntug. Kev kawm muaj nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb, faib los ntawm qeb hnub nyoog.
- kev kawm Preschool. Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 2 hli txog 7 xyoo tuaj yeem tuaj koom hauv tsev kawm.
- tsev kawm ntawv theem qis. Thawj theem ntawm kev cob qhia. Cov neeg thov yuav tsum muaj hnub nyoog 6 xyoos lossis laus dua.
- High school. Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 11 txog 15 xyoos. Lub sijhawm kawm tau txuas ntxiv thaum nkag mus rau qib 10 txog rau feem ntau hnub nyoog.
Tom qab kawm tiav, raws li cov neeg laus, cov tub ntxhais kawm qub tuaj yeem tso npe rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab lossis nrhiav haujlwm.
kev kawm preschool
Cov haujlwm ntawm cov niam txiv lossis qhov kev xav ib txwm ua rau kev sib raug zoo rau menyuam yaus hauv ntiaj teb sab nraud thawb kom xav txog qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev cuv npe hauv kindergartens. Kev tuaj koom tsis yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, tab sis nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua si, kev sib txuas lus, kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev ua kis las ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Kindergartens muaj qee qhov chaw, thiab nyob sib faib nyob ntawm hom tsev kawm.
Ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool them nqi nkag. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov koom haum, nws yog ib tug zoo cim, thiab nyob rau hauv private tsev nws yuav ua tau ib tug loj npaum li cas. Raws li txoj cai, tus nqi rau cov tsev kawm ntawv ntiav yog raug them ntawm 20% ntawm cov nqi khiav haujlwm. Qee qhov chaw muaj neeg coob coobpej xeem kindergartens raws li kev thov ntau tshaj qhov khoom.
Thawj theem ntawm kev kawm muaj plaub chav kawm, suav nrog cov kev kawm dav dav, cov ncauj lus dav dav, kev paub lus Lavxias thiab txawv teb chaws, khaws phau ntawv luam, qhia kev coj ua thiab kev kawm lub cev. Kev kawm theem pib yog kev kawm yuav tsum tau kawm rau 11 xyoo.
Tsoomfwv cov tsev kawm ntawv tsim cov ntaub ntawv kawm raws li cov qauv tsim. Cov tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj kev kawm tob txog cov kev kawm lossis cov tsev kawm ntiag tug tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm qhov kev zov me nyuam los ntawm kev ntxiv cov kev qhuab qhia ntxiv. Yog li, los ntawm kev txhim kho kev txawj ntse, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau paub txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qee thaj chaw txij thaum yau.
High School
Tau txais daim ntawv kawm tiav high school yuav tsum muaj ob kauj ruam. Thawj muaj kev kawm yuam kev rau tsib xyoos. Cov kev kawm hauv tsev kawm tau muab coj los siv Hauv tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm, cov npe ntawm cov kev kawm yog tus qauv. Nws suav nrog kev kawm lej, chemistry, physics, biology, keeb kwm, lus Lavxias thiab ntawv nyeem, lus txawv teb chaws, kos duab, suab paj nruag, geography, kab lis kev cai. Thaum kawm tiav, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev mus koom lub tsev kawm ntawv ntxiv lossis mus kawm qib siab hauv kev sib tw. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo tas los, cov menyuam kawm ntawv xeem.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tau tsiv mus rau qib 10 tab tom npaj nkag mus kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv ob xyoos tom ntej.
Kev kawm theem pib tsis yog cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov gymnasiums thiab lyceums tshwj xeeb. Lawv yognyiaj txiag los ntawm tsoom fwv los yog ntiag tug. Cov tsev kawm ntawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv kawm qib siab dua. Lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem yog ob npaug.
Kev ntsuas ntsuas
Cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum tau sau ib daim ntawv teev npe nrog lawv, qhov chaw uas tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau txais kev kawm tiav, tau sau ua homework, nrog rau cov xibfwb cov lus hais txog kev ua txhaum cai. Kev ua tiav tiav yog ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 2 mus rau 5 lub ntsiab lus, qhov kawg yog qhov cim siab tshaj plaws.
Tsev Kawm Ntawv: lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm tus kheej
Kev kawm theem pib yog qhov txhais tau tias cov hom phiaj thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ib pawg neeg raug xa mus ntawm ntau tiam neeg. Cov kws qhia ntawv tsis yog qhia cov ntaub ntawv xwb, tab sis txhawb kev txaus siab rau qee qhov chaw, ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov menyuam yaus, thiab ua siab ntev rau qhov ua tsis tiav. Kev ua yuam kev yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm, vim lawv pab tsim kev nkag siab txog cov teeb meem thiab txhawb kom lawv ua haujlwm rau lawv.
Nrog ntau yam kev qhuab qhia, kev kawm niaj hnub no yog tsom rau kev txheeb xyuas tus kheej cov kev txawj ntse, tsim kom muaj chaw nyob hauv chav kawm, tsim kev sib txuas lus thiab kev hwm. Cov kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws hais tias kev kawm theem pib yog ib txoj hauv kev los ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm kev kawm ntawm kev mob siab rau hauv cov menyuam yaus, muaj peev xwm mloog, pom cov ntaub ntawv ntau, nrog rau kev txawj ntse, nrhiav kev cuam tshuam thiab ua raws li qhov xwm txheej. Cov txuj ci no tsim nyog rau kev siv dav hauv lub neej.
