Txij thaum pib, tib neeg tau txaus siab rau kev sib xyaw, qauv thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Qhov kev paub no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev tshawb fawb - chemistry. Hauv kab lus, peb yuav xav txog nws yog dab tsi, ntu ntawm chemistry thiab qhov xav tau los kawm nws.
Chemistry yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas kawm nws?
Chemistry yog ib qho ntawm ntau thaj chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntuj, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom. Nws tab tom kawm:
- qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom;
- khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb;
- hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj uas nyob ntawm lawv cov khoom;
- hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thaum muaj tshuaj lom neeg;
- txoj cai thiab cov qauv ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj.
Chemistry suav tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm atomic thiab molecular muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws yog ze ze rau biology thiab physics. Kuj tseem muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb uas yog ciam teb, uas yog, lawv tau kawm, piv txwv li, los ntawm chemistry thiab physics. Cov no suav nrog: biochemistry, quantum chemistry, tshuaj physics, geochemistry, lub cev chemistry thiab lwm yam.
Cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm chemistry hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog:
- Organic chemistry.
- Inorganicchemistry.
- Physical chemistry.
- tshuaj ntsuam chemistry.
YBiochemistry.
Organic chemistry
Chemistry tuaj yeem faib ua raws li cov khoom kawm hauv:
- inorganic;
- organic.
Qhov thawj qhov kev kawm yuav raug txiav txim siab hauv kab lus tom ntej. Vim li cas cov organic chemistry tau muab cais ua ntu cais? Vim tias nws tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab cov tshuaj uas nws suav nrog. Niaj hnub no, muaj txog 8 lab cov khoom sib xyaw no paub.
Carbon tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ntau lub ntsiab lus, tab sis cuam tshuam feem ntau nrog:
- oxygen;
- carbon;
- nitrogen;
- grey;
- manganese;
- poov tshuaj.
Tsis tas li, lub ntsiab yog qhov txawv ntawm nws lub peev xwm los tsim cov saw ntev. Cov ntawv cog lus zoo li no muab ntau yam organic tebchaw uas tseem ceeb rau kev muaj sia nyob.
Lub hom phiaj thiab cov txheej txheem ua raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg:
- cais tawm ntawm tus kheej thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov kab mob nyob, nrog rau cov khoom siv fossil raw.
- purification thiab synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj;
- kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov qauv ntawm qhov xwm txheej;
- txoj kev kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, nws cov txheej txheem, nta, thiab cov txiaj ntsig;
- kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev vam khom ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom organic thiab nws cov khoom.
Cov ntsiab lus chemistry muaj xws li:
- Chemistry of polymers, los yog chemistry ntawm macromolecular compounds. Lub teb ntawm science uascuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog tshuaj thiab physico-chemical zog ntawm polymers thiab pib reagents siv kom tau txais lawv.
- Pharmacology. Ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog tshuaj tshuaj thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg lub cev.
Inorganic chemistry
Nqe lus ntawm inorganic chemistry cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog kev sib xyaw, qauv thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm txhua yam khoom uas tsis muaj carbon. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau tshaj 400 txhiab inorganic tshuaj. Ua tsaug rau ntu ntawm kev tshawb fawb no, kev tsim cov khoom siv rau cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no tau lees paub.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic chemistry yog ua raws li txoj cai raws sij hawm, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm D. I. Mendeleev. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb:
- yam yooj yim (hlau thiab tsis yog hlau);
- cov khoom sib xyaw (oxides, ntsev, acids, nitrites, hydrides thiab lwm yam).
Problems of science:
- Tshawb nrhiav thiab txhim kho txoj hauv kev los tsim cov khoom tshiab uas yuav muaj cov khoom tsim nyog;
- kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub peev xwm los teb nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus;
- txhim kho thiab txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis rau kev ua kom huv ntawm cov khoom sib tov;
- Tshawb nrhiav cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev sib txuas lus.
Physical chemistry
Lub cev chemistry yog cov ceg dav dav ntawm chemistry. Nws koom nrog kev kawm txog cov kev cai dav dav ntawm cov qauv, cov qauv thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv cov txheej txheem ntawm physics. Rau qhov no, theoretical thiabkev sim.
Physical chemistry suav nrog kev paub txog:
- qauv ntawm molecules;
- tshuaj thermodynamics;
- tshuaj kinetics;
- catalysis.
Cov seem ntawm lub cev chemistry yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Electrochemistry - kev kawm ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm.
- Photochemistry yog kev kawm txog tshuaj hloov pauv hauv qab lub teeb.
- Physical chemistry of surface phenomena.
- Radiation chemistry - kev kawm ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob;
- Colloid chemistry - kev kawm ntawm cov tshuab thiab cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov cuam tshuam.
- Quantum chemistry yog kev kawm txog cov qauv, cov khoom, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li quantum mechanics.
- Crystallochemistry - kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua;
- Thermochemistry yog ib ceg ntawm chemistry uas kawm txog cov thermoreactions, kev sib raug zoo ntawm physico-chemical parameters.
- Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub atom.
- Qhia txog kev xeb (oxidation) ntawm cov hlau.
- Chemical kinetics - txoj kev tshawb fawb txog tshuaj lom neeg nyob ntawm sab nraud.
- Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev daws.
- Nuclear chemistry - cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog kev tawm tsam nuclear thiab cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv lawv.
- Sound chemistry yog kev kawm txog cov teebmeem uas tshwm sim thaum raug cov nthwv dej muaj zog.
tshuaj ntsuam chemistry
Kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry yog ib ceg ntawm chemistry uas tsim cov theoretical hauv paus ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj. Kev tshawb fawb tab tom tsim txoj hauv kev los txheeb xyuas, sib cais, tshawb pomthiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry tuaj yeem raug cais raws li cov haujlwm yuav tsum tau daws rau hauv:
- Kev soj ntsuam zoo - txiav txim siab yam tshuaj twg hauv cov qauv, lawv daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus.
- Quantitative analysis - txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus (concentration) ntawm cov khoom hauv cov qauv xeem.
Yog tias koj xav txheeb xyuas tus qauv tsis paub, tom qab ntawd kev tshuaj xyuas zoo yog siv ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd kom muaj nuj nqis. Lawv yog cov ua los ntawm cov tshuaj, instrumental thiab biological txoj kev.
YBiochemistry
Biochemistry yog ib ceg ntawm chemistry uas kawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov kab mob, nrog rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg hauv lawv lub neej. Kev tshawb fawb tseem hluas heev thiab yog nyob ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm biology thiab chemistry.
Biochemistry cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm ntawm cov tebchaw xws li:
- carbs;
- lipids;
- proteins;
Biochemistry Sections:
- Static biochemistry - kawm txog tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov qauv ntawm lawv cov molecules (proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins, thiab lwm yam).
- Functional biochemistry - kawm txog cov tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab lub cev ntawm lub cev.
- Dynamic biochemistry kawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm metabolism.
Tshuaj siv tshuab
Tshuajthev naus laus zis yog ib ceg ntawm chemistry uas kawm txog kev lag luam thiab ib puag ncig zoo ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv ntuj rau lawv siv thiab siv hauv kev tsim khoom.
Science muab faib ua:
- Cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj lom neeg, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua cov fossil fuels, tsim cov hluavtaws polymers, tshuaj thiab lwm yam khoom.
- Inorganic chemical technology, uas yog koom nrog hauv kev ua cov khoom siv ntxhia (tshwj tsis yog cov hlau ore), tsim cov kua qaub, ntxhia chiv thiab alkalis.
Hauv tshuaj engineering muaj ntau cov txheej txheem (batch lossis txuas ntxiv). Lawv muab faib ua pawg loj:
- hydromechanical:
- tshuaj;
- mechanical;
- mass transfer;
- thermal.
Npau paub chemistry (facts)
Txoj kev ntawm qee cov txheej txheem tshuaj thiab cov khoom ntawm qee yam tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg.
Ntawm no yog qee yam ntawm lawv:
- Gallium. Qhov no yog ib qho nthuav cov khoom uas nyiam yaj ntawm chav tsev kub. Zoo li txhuas. Yog hais tias ib rab diav ntim rau hauv cov kua ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 28 degrees Celsius, nws yuav yaj thiab poob nws cov duab.
- Molybdenum. Cov khoom no tau tshawb pom thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws cov khoom tau pom tias muaj zog ntawm cov khoom. Tom qab ntawd, legendary Big Bertha cannon tau tsim los ntawm nws. Nws lub thoob tsis tau deformed los ntawm overheating thaum tua,uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau siv phom.
- Dej. Nws paub tias dej ntshiab H2O tsis tshwm sim hauv qhov xwm txheej. Vim nws cov khoom, nws absorbs txhua yam uas los ntawm nws txoj kev. Yog li ntawd, cov kua ntshiab tiag tsuas tuaj yeem tau txais hauv chav kuaj xwb.
- Tsis tas li, ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov dej tau paub - nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau kev hloov pauv hauv ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov dej los ntawm ib qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov kev cuam tshuam sib txawv (sib nqus, nrog cov suab paj nruag qhib, ib sab ntawm tib neeg) hloov nws cov qauv.
- Mercaptan. Nws yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qab zib, iab thiab qaub saj uas tau tshawb pom tom qab tshawb nrhiav cov txiv kab ntxwv. Nws tau raug tsim los hais tias ib tug neeg pom qhov saj ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 0.02 ng / l. Ntawd yog, nws txaus los ntxiv 2 mg ntawm mercaptan rau ib ntim dej ntawm 100 txhiab tons.
Nws tuaj yeem hais tias chemistry yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm noob neej. Nws yog nthuav thiab ntau yam. Ua tsaug rau chemistry uas tib neeg muaj lub sijhawm los siv ntau yam khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.
