Ntau cov txheej txheem yam tsis muaj qhov tsis tuaj yeem xav txog peb lub neej (xws li ua pa, plab zom mov, photosynthesis thiab lwm yam) cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov organic sib txuas (thiab cov inorganic). Cia peb saib lawv cov hom tseem ceeb thiab nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem hu ua kev sib txuas (sib txuas).
Yam tshuaj tiv thaiv dab tsi
Ua ntej tshaj, nws tsim nyog muab lub ntsiab lus txhais ntawm qhov tshwm sim no. Cov kab lus nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab hais txog ntau yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj, vim tias cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom qub raug tsim. Cov tshuaj koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem no hu ua "reagents".
Hauv kev sau ntawv, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov organic tebchaw (thiab inorganic) yog sau los ntawm kev sib npaug tshwj xeeb. Outwardly, lawv yog me ntsis zoo li lej piv txwv ntawm ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, siv cov cim sib npaug ("="), cov xub ("→" lossis "⇆") siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau sab xis ntawm qhov sib npaug, qee zaum kuj muajcov khoom ntau dua li sab laug. Txhua yam ua ntej tus xub yog cov tshuaj ua ntej pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (sab laug ntawm cov mis). Txhua yam tom qab nws (sab xis) yog cov khoom sib txuas tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj uas tau tshwm sim.
Raws li piv txwv ntawm kev sib npaug tshuaj, peb tuaj yeem xav txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov dej decomposition rau hydrogen thiab oxygen raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no: 2H2O → 2H 2 ↑ + O2↑. Dej yog thawj reactant, thiab oxygen thiab hydrogen yog cov khoom.
Raws li lwm tus, tab sis cov piv txwv nyuaj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas, peb tuaj yeem xav txog qhov tshwm sim paub txog txhua tus poj niam hauv tsev uas tau ci khoom qab zib tsawg kawg ib zaug. Peb tab tom tham txog quenching baking soda nrog lub rooj vinegar. Qhov kev ua uas tab tom ua yog qhia los ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no: CO2↑ + H2O. Los ntawm nws nws yog tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm sodium bicarbonate thiab vinegar, sodium ntsev ntawm acetic acid, dej thiab carbon dioxide yog tsim.
Los ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej, cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg yog nruab nrab ntawm lub cev thiab nuclear.
Tsis zoo li yav dhau los, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm hloov tau lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ntawd yog, los ntawm cov atoms ntawm ib yam khoom, ob peb lwm tus tuaj yeem tsim tau, xws li hauv kab zauv saum toj no rau decomposition ntawm dej.
Tsis zoo li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear, tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis cuam tshuam rau lub nuclei ntawm atoms ntawm cov tshuaj sib cuam tshuam.
Yuav ua li cas yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tebchaw los ntawm hom tshwm sim raws li qhov sib txawvCov txheej txheem:
- Reversible/irreversible.
- Ntse/tsis muaj cov tshuaj catalytic thiab cov txheej txheem.
- Los ntawm kev nqus cua sov / tso tawm (endothermic / exothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv).
- Los ntawm cov theem: homogeneous / heterogeneous thiab ob hom hybrid.
- Los ntawm kev hloov pauv oxidation xeev ntawm cov tshuaj sib cuam tshuam.
Hom tshuaj txheej txheem hauv inorganic chemistry los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam
Cov qauv no tshwj xeeb. Nrog nws cov kev pab, plaub hom kev cuam tshuam yog qhov txawv: kev sib txuas, hloov pauv, decomposition (splitting) thiab pauv.
Lub npe ntawm lawv txhua tus sib raug rau cov txheej txheem nws piav qhia. Ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib xyaw, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, hauv kev hloov pauv - lawv hloov mus rau lwm pawg, hauv kev decomposition ntawm ib qho reagent ob peb tau tsim, thiab hauv kev sib pauv, cov koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hloov atoms ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Hom txheej txheem raws li txoj hauv kev ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam hauv organic chemistry
Txawm hais tias muaj kev nyuaj siab loj, cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov organic tebchaw tshwm sim ntawm tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus xws li inorganic. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj lub npe txawv me ntsis.
Yog li, qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab decomposition yog hu ua "ntxiv", ntxiv rau "cleavage" (kev tshem tawm) thiab cov organic decomposition ncaj qha (hauv seem ntawm chemistry no muaj ob hom kev sib cais).
Lwm cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov organic tebchaw yog hloov pauv (lub npe tsis hloov), kev hloov pauv (hloov pauv) thiabcov txheej txheem redox. Txawm hais tias qhov zoo sib xws ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem, lawv muaj ntau yam hauv cov organic teeb meem.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob
Tau txiav txim siab ntau hom txheej txheem uas cov tshuaj nkag mus rau hauv cov organic thiab inorganic chemistry, nws tsim nyog nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov compound.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no txawv ntawm lwm tus hauv qhov ntawd, tsis hais tus naj npawb ntawm cov reagents thaum pib, thaum kawg lawv tag nrho ua ke ua ib qho.
Ua piv txwv, peb tuaj yeem nco txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txiv qaub: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2. Hauv qhov no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm calcium oxide (quicklime) nrog hydrogen oxide (dej) tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, calcium hydroxide (slaked txiv qaub) yog tsim thiab tso pa sov so. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no txhais tau tias cov txheej txheem no yog exothermic tiag tiag.
Kev sib npaug sib npaug
Schematically, cov txheej txheem hauv kev txiav txim siab tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li hauv qab no: A + BV → ABC. Nyob rau hauv cov mis no, ABV yog ib tug tshiab tsim complex tshuaj, A yog ib tug yooj yim reagent, thiab BV yog ib tug variant ntawm ib tug complex compound.
Tseem tsim nyog hais tias cov qauv no kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm kev koom tes thiab koom ua ke.
Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li kev txiav txim siab yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm sodium oxide thiab carbon dioxide (NaO2 + CO2↑ (t 450 -550 ° С) → Na2CO3), as Well as sulfur oxide nrog oxygen (2SO2+ O 2↑ → 2SO3).
Kuj, ntau qhov nyuajconnections: AB + VG → ABVG. Piv txwv li, tag nrho tib yam sodium oxide thiab hydrogen oxide: NaO2+Н2O → 2NaOH.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov tshuaj inorganic
Raws li tau pom hauv qhov sib npaug dhau los, cov khoom sib txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam hauv kev xav.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, rau yooj yim reagents ntawm inorganic keeb kwm, redox tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov compound (A + B → AB) yog ua tau.
Ua piv txwv, peb tuaj yeem xav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais ferric chloride. Rau qhov no, kev sib xyaw ua ke yog ua los ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine thiab ferum (hlau): 3Cl2↑ + 2Fe → 2FeCl3.
Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic complex (AB + VG → ABVG), cov txheej txheem hauv lawv tuaj yeem tshwm sim, ob qho tib si cuam tshuam thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau lawv qhov muaj txiaj ntsig.
Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no, xav txog qhov piv txwv ntawm kev tsim calcium bicarbonate los ntawm carbon dioxide, hydrogen oxide (dej) thiab xim zaub mov dawb E170 (calcium carbonate): CO 2 ↑ + H 2O +CaCO3 → Ca(CO3) 2. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, ib qho kev sib xyaw classic tshwm sim. Thaum nws siv, qhov valency ntawm cov reagents tsis hloov.
Me ntsis zoo meej (tshaj thawj zaug) tshuaj sib npaug 2FeCl2 + Cl2↑ → 2FeCl 3 yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem redox hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho yooj yim thiab nyuaj inorganicreagents: roj (chlorine) thiab ntsev (hlau chloride).
Hom tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv hauv cov tshuaj chemical
Raws li twb tau hais hauv kab lus plaub, hauv cov khoom ntawm cov organic keeb kwm, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv nqe lus nug hu ua "ntxiv". Raws li txoj cai, cov tshuaj complex nrog ob npaug (lossis triple) daim ntawv cog lus koom nrog nws.
Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm dibromine thiab ethylene ua rau tsim ntawm 1, 2-dibromoethane: (C2H4) CH 2=CH2 + Br2 → (C₂H₄Br₂) BrCH2 - CH2Br. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov cim zoo ib yam li qhov sib npaug thiab rho tawm ("=" thiab "-") hauv qhov no equation qhia kev sib txuas ntawm cov atoms ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas. Nov yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau cov qauv ntawm cov organic tshuaj.
Nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj twg ua raws li cov tshuaj reagents, muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntxiv raws li kev xav:
- Hydrogenation (hydrogen molecules H ntxiv nrog ntau daim ntawv cog lus).
- Hydrohalogenation (hydrohalogenation ntxiv).
- Halogenation (ntxiv cov halogens Br2, Cl2↑ thiab lwm yam).
- Polymerization (tsim ntawm cov khoom hnyav molecular los ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaws qis molecular).
Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv (compound)
Tom qab sau ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv kev txiav txim siab, nws tsim nyog kawm hauv kev xyaum qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw.
Raws li kev piv txwv ntawm hydrogenation, koj tuaj yeem ua tauUa tib zoo saib xyuas qhov sib npaug ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm propene nrog hydrogen, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov propane yuav tshwm sim: (3 Н 6 ↑)-CH=CH2↑ + N2 ↑ → (C3N8↑) CH3-CH2-CH3↑.
Hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (ntxiv) tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm hydrochloric acid (ib yam khoom tsis muaj zog) thiab ethylene los ua chloroethane: (C2H 4 ↑) CH2=CH2↑ + HCl → CH3- CH 2-Cl (C2H5Cl). Kev sib luag sawv cev yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm hydrohalogenation.
Raws li rau halogenation, nws tuaj yeem ua piv txwv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm dichlor thiab ethylene ua rau kev tsim ntawm 1, 2-dichloroethane: (C 2 H 4 ↑)CH2=CH2 + Cl2↑ → (C₂H₄Cl₂) ClCH 2-CH2Cl.
Ntau yam muaj txiaj ntsig yog tsim los ntawm cov organic chemistry. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev sib txuas (ntxiv) ntawm ethylene molecules nrog ib tug radical pib ntawm polymerization nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ultraviolet yog ib qho kev pom zoo ntawm qhov no: n CH 2 =CH2 (R thiab UV teeb) → (-CH2-CH2-)n. Cov tshuaj tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev no yog paub zoo rau txhua tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm polyethylene.
Ntau hom ntim, hnab, tais diav, kav dej,cov ntaub ntawv sov thiab ntau ntxiv. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom no yog qhov ua tau ntawm nws cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab. Polyethylene tshuav nws qhov chaw rau qhov tseeb tias nws tsis decompose, uas yog vim li cas environmentalists muaj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ib txoj hauv kev tau pom muaj kev nyab xeeb pov tseg cov khoom siv polyethylene. Rau qhov no, cov khoom yog kho nrog nitric acid (HNO3). Tom qab ntawd, qee hom kab mob muaj peev xwm decompose cov khoom no mus rau hauv cov khoom nyab xeeb.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev sib txuas (kev txuas) ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej thiab tib neeg lub neej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv cov chaw sim los ua cov tshuaj tshiab rau ntau yam kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb.
