Kazakhstan yog ib lub xeev muaj nyob hauv Europe thiab Asia, nrog cov pejxeem ntawm ntau dua 18 lab tus tib neeg. Lub teb chaws ntawm Baikonur Cosmodrome thiab cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj xws li cov tsov txaij daus thiab goiter gazelle. Ib lub teb chaws nrog cov xwm txheej nkauj xwb thiab keeb kwm nplua nuj, uas tseem muaj ntau "dawb pob". Thiab ib qho ntawm cov lus nug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab kawm me me rau cov neeg sau keeb kwm yog cov lus nug ntawm zhuzes ntawm Kazakhs. Koj puas paub nws yog dab tsi?
Zuz yog dab tsi? Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb
Zhuz yog ib hom kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Kazakhs, uas tau tsim keeb kwm. Muaj peb nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Senior, Middle thiab Junior, thiab ntawm lawv tus kheej lawv tau faib yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Kazakhstan, ntes ib feem me me ntawm cov xeev nyob sib ze. Zhuzs muaj lawv tus kheej qhov tshwj xeeb: kev sib koom ua ke ntawm haiv neeg, thaj chaw sib cais, kev sib raug zoo ntawm pawg neeg, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua.
Kev xav ntawm keeb kwm txog lub sijhawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm zhuzes
Ua rau, cov qauv sab hauv, lub koom haum - tag nrho cov no ua rau ntau heevcontroversy thiab controversy kev xav. Cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm kuj sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim xws li zhuzes ntawm Kazakhs.
Linguist Sarsen Amanzholov, yog ib tus tsim ntawm Kazakh kev paub lus, ua raws li cov qauv hais txog lawv qhov tshwm sim hauv 10-12th centuries, txawm tias ua ntej kev sib sau ntawm Mongols thiab Turks rau hauv ib lub teb chaws Turkic-Mongolian
Soviet orientalist Vasily Bartold, kws tshawb fawb Islamic thiab Arabist, suav tias xyoo pua 16 yog lub sijhawm tshwm sim ntawm zhuzes.
Historian Chokan Valikhanov cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm zhuzes nrog lub sijhawm ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Golden Horde.
Lavxias teb sab ethnographer thiab orientalist Nikolai Aristov, ntawm qhov tod tes, ntaus nqi tsim cov zhuzes rau lub sijhawm ntawm Dzungar raids.
Orientalist Tursun Sultanov, ceeb toom qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, feem ntau yuav yog lub sijhawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm zhuzes mus rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th - hauv nws lub tswv yim, nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov txheej txheem ntawm uluses tau hloov pauv. mus rau hauv lub system ntawm zhuzes.
Juzes of Kazakhstan
Muaj ib lo lus Kazakh:
Muab cov Senior Zhuz ib tug neeg ua haujlwm thiab cia nws noj nyuj, muab lub Middle Zhuz ib tis thiab cia nws daws kev tsis sib haum xeeb, muab tus yau Zhuz ib hmuv thiab xa mus rau yeeb ncuab.
Nyob zoo, puas yog?
Muaj peb Kazakh zhuzes tag nrho. Peb twb hais rau lawv lawm. Senior ("Uly Zhuz"), Middle ("Orta") thiab Junior ("Kishi"). Cov txwj laus nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Semirechye thiab South Kazakhstan. Nruab nrab - thaj chaw ntawm Central Kazakhstan A Tus yau Kazakh zhuz nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Western Kazakhstan.
Qhov tseeb! Tus txwj laus tsis yog qhov loj tshaj ntawm thaj chaw lossis cov lej. Nwstau txais nws lub npe vim yog cov laus ntawm cov genera suav nrog.
Zhuzes muaj xws li khanates sib txawv nrog lawv cov thawj coj, kev lis kev cai thiab tsev neeg kev sib raug zoo. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg nyob hauv yeej tsis nco qab tias feem ntau lawv yog tib neeg, lawv tsis tau npaj kev tsov rog ntawm lawv tus kheej, thiab thaum raug hem los ntawm ib tus yeeb ncuab sab nraud, lawv koom ua ke lawv cov rog.
Txoj kev kawm
Dab tsi ntawm kev yug me nyuam thiab kev coj cwj pwm tau txais los ntawm cov koom haum uas hu ua zhuz? Qhov no, piv txwv li, yog ib qho kev loj hlob ntawm cov tub. Raws li kev lig kev cai, cov menyuam yaus tau "sib faib" raws li hauv qab no: tus tub hlob tau muab rau nws pog yawg "rau kev kawm", tus tub nruab nrab loj hlob nrog nws niam nws txiv thiab tom qab ntawd tseem nyob hauv tsev neeg no, pab txog thaum muaj hnub nyoog, tab sis tus yau tshaj tau loj hlob rau cov niam txiv. tub rog. Txij li thaum yau, cov tub hluas tau paub txog lawv txoj hmoo thiab kawm cov txuj ci uas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua - laj fencing, archery thiab ntau dua.
Txhua tus tswvcuab ntawm lub zej zog no yuav tsum paub zoo txog ob lub zhuzes thiab cov xeem uas nyob hauv nws. Paub txog koj tsev neeg tsob ntoo yog lub luag haujlwm dawb huv rau txhua tus neeg nyob hauv lub hnub nyoog me me.
Kev paub "los ntawm lub siab" tag nrho cov txheeb ze mus txog rau tiam kaum thiab dhau los tsis yog kev xav ntawm cov txwj laus. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv zhuzs ib qho twg, txawm tus txheeb ze nyob deb, tuaj yeem suav rau txhua yam kev pab, txawm tias lub sijhawm twg nws tig mus rau nws tus kheej rau nws. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib nrig sib pab yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb saib.
Kev txij nkawm
In zhuzes nruj me ntsistxoj cai "tsis muaj ze tshaj xya lub hauv caug" tau pom nyob rau hauv kev sib yuav. Cov txij nkawm tsis tuaj yeem yog los ntawm tib xeem - Kazakhs nruj me ntsis raws li exogamy ntawm kev sib yuav, tsis pub kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov txheeb ze. Ua txhaum txoj cai no raug txim nruj, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm lub txim tuag.
Senior
South-Kazakhstan, Dzhambul thiab sab qab teb ntawm Almaty cheeb tsam yog tag nrho cov qub Senior Zhuz. Cov no yog thaj av ntawm South Kazakhstan, Semirechye thiab txawm tias ib feem ntawm thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub sab hnub poob Tuam Tshoj.
Tus dej Syrdarya thiab Ili ntws los ntawm cov cheeb tsam no. Cov pab pawg tseem ceeb uas nyob hauv cov av no thiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm Senior Zhuz yog Dulats, Albans, Kanly, Zhalairs, Uysuns, Suans. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov pejxeem muaj txog 1 lab tus tib neeg.
Zoo no yog zaum kawg ntawm peb tus uas tau xaus rau tebchaws Russia. Ntxiv mus, nws tseem yuav tsum tau sib tw nrog Kokand Khanate - nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm lo lus. Yog lawm, thiab kev ua tsov rog diplomatic rau Semirechye kuj yuav tsum tau npaj, tab sis nrog Tuam Tshoj.
Yog haiv neeg nruab nrab thiab me zhuzes yog haiv neeg, ces Senior zhuz yog txawv los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov neeg Kazakhs.
Kev nplua nuj ntawm Senior Zhuz yog uranium deposits. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Kazakhstan tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj hauv kev tsim khoom, nce ntau lawm.
Tam sim no muaj kev yug me nyuam siab, ntau Uzbeks thiab Kyrgyz zoo siab tsiv tawm ntawm no.
Tam sim no lub nroog Alma-Ata nrog cov pej xeem ntau dua ib thiab ib nrab lab tus tib neeg nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub qub zhuz.
Qhov tseeb lom zem: feem ntau ntawm cov thawj coj hauv lub tebchaws, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb -cov neeg los ntawm Senior Zhuz. Qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws yog Thawj Tswj Hwm Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Medium
Hauv lwm lo lus, Orta-zhuz yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm Kazakh zhuzes nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm thaj chaw. Nws nyob feem ntau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws, nrog rau nws qhov nruab nrab. Yog hais tias peb xav txog qhov no zhuz nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm niaj hnub Kazakhstan, ces peb tham txog tej thaj chaw xws li Kustanai, Akmola, North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan, Karaganda. Thiab kuj yog ib feem ntawm Alma-Ata thiab Dzhambul cheeb tsam.
Cov dej ntws Irtysh, Ishim thiab Tobol ntws los ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Zhuz. 6 pawg neeg tseem ceeb nyob hauv nws: Argyns, Naimans, Kipchaks, Konyrats, Kereis thiab Uaks. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm Middle Zhuz yog kwv yees li 1 lab 300 txhiab tus neeg.
Yog tias peb tham txog kev nkag mus rau Middle Zhuz rau Russia, ces xyoo 1739 tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Xyoo no, lub rooj sib tham ntawm Kazakh sultans tau tuav hauv Orenburg; 27 cov thawj coj tau tuaj ntawm Middle Zhuz. Nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham no, cov sultans tau cog lus rau lub tebchaws Russia, thiab ib feem ntawm Middle Zhuz tau los ua ib feem ntawm nws. Tab sis tsis yog txhua yam ua tau zoo, qee cov khas tau tawm tsam qhov kev txiav txim siab no, thiab vim li ntawd, qhov kawg nkag mus rau Middle Zhuz tau rub mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
Tshawb xyuas thaj chaw ntawm Nruab Nrab Zhuz hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no, ib qho tuaj yeem pom tias ntxiv rau cov neeg hauv paus txawm - Kazakhs thiab Russians - Chechens, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars tam sim no kuj nyob hauv cov av no. Karaganda thiab Astana yog lub nroog loj tshaj plaws nyob rau thaj chaw no.
Junior
Nov zhuz nyob hauv thaj chaw niaj hnub Aktuba, West Kazakhstan, Atyrau, Mangyshlak cheeb tsam thiab ib feem - Kyzylorda cheeb tsam. Yog tias koj saib hauv daim ntawv qhia, ces qhov no yog sab hnub poob ntawm Kazakhstan los ntawm Urals mus rau Caspian Hiav Txwv. Cov dej loj uas ntws los ntawm cov av yog Syrdarya thiab Yaik.
Cov junior zhuz ntawm Kazakhstan rau feem ntau muaj peb pawg neeg koom siab - alimuls, bayuls thiab zhetyru. Cov no yog peb pawg tseem ceeb, txhua tus ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, suav nrog me me - pawg Alimul suav nrog 6 ntau genera, pawg Baiul - 12, thiab pawg Zhetyru - 7 genera. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tus naj npawb tau tshaj 1 lab 100 txhiab tus neeg.
Yog tias peb xav txog kev nkag mus rau zhuzes rau Russia, ces nws yog tus yau tshaj uas tau koom ua ntej thiab ntawm nws tus kheej kev ywj pheej. Lub xyoo pua 18th tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj rau Kazakhstan, cov neeg nyob sib ze ntawm Dzungars los ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj tau ua rau cov av puas tsuaj, cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam lub neej ntawm Kazakhs, lawv xav tau ib tus neeg muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv 1726, tus laus Khan xa ib daim ntawv thov mus rau Russia rau patronage. Kev saws me nyuam ntawm Younger Zhuz mus rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1731 tom qab kos npe rau daim ntawv txiav txim coj los ntawm Empress Anna Ioannovna.
Lub nroog loj tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw niaj hnub no yog lub nroog Akhtubinsk nrog cov pej xeem ntau dua 370 txhiab tus neeg. Ntxiv rau Kazakhs thiab Russians, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tebchaws Kauslim tam sim no nyob hauv cov chaw no.
thaj chaw nyob ntawm Junior Zhuz yog thaj av ntawm cov nyom nyom zoo li cov suab puam. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov suab puam no muaj cov peev txheej uas tseem ceeb rau Kazakhstan - roj, chromium thiaburanium.
Zhuz hauv Kazakhstan niaj hnub
Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv feem pua ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Kazakhstan tau faib raws li hauv qab no: 35% - cov neeg nyob hauv Senior Zhuz, 40% - cov neeg nyob nruab nrab thiab 25% - Cov Hluas.
Tseem nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan muaj ob me me, tab sis revered los ntawm feem ntau ntawm Kazakh pejxeem pawg:
- Tore yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Genghis Khan.
- Kozha yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm thawj Arabs uas coj Islam mus rau lub steppes ntawm Kazakhstan.
Ob pawg no yog hu ua "pob txha dawb". Lawv suav hais tias yog cov neeg Aristocracy thaum ub ntawm Kazakhs.
Niaj hnub Kazakhstan sim tsis txhob hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm zhuzes, thiab txawm zoo dua - kom tshem tawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Tab sis tej yam tsis mus zoo heev - tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws rau ob peb puas xyoo, thiab kev ua raws li cov kev cai nyob rau hauv lub Kazakh steppe yog siab heev.
Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas cov tub ceev xwm los ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub hwj chim sim tsis lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm los ntawm ib qho zhuz. Ua piv txwv, peb tuaj yeem coj cov lus ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm tus kws pab tswv yim Yermukhamet Yertysbayev:
Kuv tsis paub tias kuv yog zuv yam twg. Kuv yog Kazakh. Lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, thiab peb xav txog lub sijhawm ntawm Mongol-Tatar ntxeem tau.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm zhuzes hauv keeb kwm ntawm Kazakhstan
Lub xub ntiag ntawm zhuzes twv yuav raug hu ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho lub xeev. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws ua tsaug rau lawv tias Kazakh ethnos tau khaws cia zoo. Qhov tseeb hais tias kev coj noj coj ua, lus, kab lis kev cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm haiv neeg Kazakh thaum ub tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no -vim zoo. Tuam Tshoj, Central Esxias khanates, thiab Russia tso siab rau lub teb chaws. Tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab rau pawg haiv neeg thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm Kazakhs. Tab sis ua tsaug rau cov zhuzs uas cov kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb no tsis ploj.
Nws tseem yuav tsum nkag siab tias Kazakhs nyob hauv thaj chaw loj heev. Nws yog teeb meem los tswj nws kom zoo los ntawm ib qho chaw, thiab nyob rau lwm lub sijhawm nws ua tsis tau. Lub xub ntiag ntawm zhuzes hwm tau pab khaws cia lub teb chaws rau cov xeeb ntxwv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas peb pom niaj hnub Kazakhstan tam sim no.
