Collider hauv Russia. NICA project (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) hauv Dubna ze Moscow

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Collider hauv Russia. NICA project (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) hauv Dubna ze Moscow
Collider hauv Russia. NICA project (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) hauv Dubna ze Moscow
Anonim

Collider nyob rau hauv Russia accelerates hais nyob rau hauv colliding beams (collider los ntawm lo lus collide, txhais lus - rau collide). Nws yog tsim nyog los kawm txog qhov cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm cov khoom no nrog ib leeg, kom cov kws tshawb fawb muab lub zog kinetic muaj zog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov teeb meem. Lawv kuj cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tsoo ntawm cov khoom no, coj lawv tawm tsam ib leeg.

History of Creation

Muaj ntau hom kev sib tsoo: ncig (piv txwv li, LHC - Loj Hadron Collider hauv European CERN), linear (projected by ILC).

Txoj kev xav, lub tswv yim los siv kev sib tsoo ntawm kab teeb tau tshwm sim ob peb xyoos dhau los. Wideröe Rolf, physicist los ntawm Norway, tau txais patent nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees xyoo 1943 rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib tsoo kab teeb. Nws tsis tau luam tawm txog kaum xyoo tom qab.

kev sib tsoo
kev sib tsoo

Hauv xyoo 1956, Donald Kerst tau thov kom siv kev sib tsoo ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob proton txhawm rau kawm particle physics. Thaum Gerard O'Neill xav coj kom zoo dua ntawm cov khoom sib xyawrings kom tau cov kab mob hnyav.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm tsim kom muaj kev sib tsoo pib ib txhij hauv Ltalis, Soviet Union thiab Tebchaws Meskas (Frascati, INP, SLAC). Thawj qhov kev sib tsoo yuav raug tso tawm yog AdA electron-positron collider, tsim los ntawm Tushekavo Frascati.

Tib lub sijhawm, thawj qhov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm tsuas yog ib xyoos tom qab ntawd (hauv xyoo 1966), piv nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm elastic tawg ntawm electrons ntawm VEP-1 (1965, USSR).

Dubna Hadron Collider

VEP-1 (kev sib tsoo cov kab hluav taws xob) yog lub tshuab uas tau tsim los ntawm kev qhia meej ntawm G. I. Budker. Qee lub sij hawm tom qab ntawd, cov kab teeb tau txais ntawm lub accelerator hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Tag nrho peb cov kev sib tsoo no yog cov kev sim, lawv tau ua haujlwm los ua kom pom qhov ua tau ntawm kev kawm qib qis physics siv lawv.

complex nyob rau hauv dubna
complex nyob rau hauv dubna

Thawj zaug hadron collider yog ISR, proton synchrotron, launched hauv 1971 los ntawm CERN. Nws lub zog hluav taws xob yog 32 GeV nyob rau hauv kab. Nws yog tib txoj kab sib tsoo ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv nineties.

After launch

Ib qho kev nrawm nrawm tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li Lub Tsev Haujlwm Sib Koom rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Nuclear. Nws yog hu ua NICA - Nuclotron raws li Ion Collider chaw thiab nyob hauv Dubna. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsev yog los kawm thiab tshawb pom cov khoom tshiab ntawm cov teeb meem ntom ntom ntawm baryons.

hauv lub tank
hauv lub tank

Tom qab lub tshuab pib, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Sib Koom rau Nuclear Research hauvDubna nyob ze Moscow yuav muaj peev xwm tsim ib lub xeev ntawm teeb meem, uas yog lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv nws thawj lub sij hawm tom qab lub Big Bang. Cov tshuaj no hu ua quark-gluon plasma (QGP).

Kev tsim kho ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw nkag siab tau pib xyoo 2013, thiab kev tsim tawm yog npaj rau xyoo 2020.

Main Tasks

Tshwj xeeb rau Hnub Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv tebchaws Russia, JINR cov neeg ua haujlwm tau npaj cov ntaub ntawv rau cov xwm txheej kev kawm npaj rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Lub ntsiab lus hu ua "NICA - Lub Ntiaj Teb hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb". Cov yeeb yaj kiab ua ntu zus nrog kev koom tes ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Grigory Vladimirovich Trubnikov yuav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej uas yuav ua tiav ntawm Hadron Collider hauv tebchaws Russia hauv zej zog nrog lwm cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntsib cov kws tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no yog los kawm cov hauv qab no:

  1. Cov khoom siv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom hauv theem pib ntawm tus qauv qauv ntawm particle physics nrog ib leeg, uas yog, kev kawm ntawm quarks thiab gluons.
  2. Nrhiav cov cim ntawm kev hloov pauv theem ntawm QGP thiab cov teeb meem muaj teeb meem, nrog rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov xeev tsis paub yav dhau los ntawm cov teeb meem baryonic.
  3. Ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab QGP symmetry.

khoom siv tseem ceeb

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm hadron collider nyob rau hauv NICA complex yog muab ib tug loj beam spectrum: los ntawm protons thiab deuterons, mus rau kab teeb uas muaj ntau hnyav ions, xws li cov kub nucleus.

Hadron Collider
Hadron Collider

Hnyav ions yuav nrawm rau lub xeev lub zog mus txog 4,5 GeV / nucleon, thiab protons - txog li kaum ob thiab ib nrab. Lub plawv ntawm kev sib tsoo hauv tebchaws Russia yog Nuclotron accelerator, uas tau ua haujlwm txij li cuaj caum-peb xyoo dhau los, tab sis tau nrawm nrawm heev.

NICA kev sib tsoo tau muab rau ntau txoj hauv kev sib cuam tshuam. Ib qho los kawm seb cov ions hnyav npaum li cas sib tsoo nrog MPD detector, thiab lwm qhov los ua kev sim nrog cov kab hluav taws xob polarized ntawm SPD qhov chaw.

Kev tsim kho tiav

Nws tau sau tseg tias cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm cov tebchaws xws li Asmeskas, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Fabkis, Israel thiab, tau kawg, Russia koom nrog thawj qhov kev sim. Kev ua haujlwm tam sim no tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm NICA txhawm rau txhim kho thiab nqa ib tus neeg rau hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo.

Lub tsev rau lub tsheb sib tsoo yuav ua tiav xyoo 2019, thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm lub tsheb sib tsoo nws tus kheej yuav ua rau xyoo 2020. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, kev tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm ntawm kev kawm txog kev sib tsoo ntawm hnyav ions yuav pib. Tag nrho cov cuab yeej yuav ua haujlwm tiav hauv 2023.

hadron collider duab
hadron collider duab

Kev sib tsoo hauv tebchaws Russia tsuas yog ib qho ntawm rau lub phiaj xwm hauv peb lub tebchaws uas tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv chav kawm megascience. Hauv 2017, tsoomfwv tau faib yuav luag plaub txhiab rubles rau kev tsim kho lub tshuab no. Tus nqi ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub tshuab tau kwv yees los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ntawm nees nkaum xya thiab ib nrab lab rubles.

New era

Vladimir Kekelidze, tus thawj coj ntawm physicists ntawm JINR High Energy Laboratory, ntseeg tias txoj haujlwm sib tsoo hauv tebchaws Russia yuav muab sijhawm rau lub tebchaws nce mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws.cov hauj lwm hauv high-zog physics.

Tsis ntev los no, cov kab ntawm "tshiab physics" tau pom, uas tau kho los ntawm Loj Hadron Collider thiab lawv mus dhau tus qauv qauv ntawm peb cov microcosm. Nws tau hais tias qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab "tshiab physics" yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tsoo.

Nyob rau hauv kev xam phaj, Vladimir Kekelidze piav qhia tias cov kev tshawb pom no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm NICA, txij li qhov project nws tus kheej tau tsim feem ntau txhawm rau kom nkag siab meej tias lub sijhawm pib ntawm lub hnub yug ntawm lub ntiaj teb zoo li cas, thiab thiab cov xwm txheej twg rau kev tshawb fawb, uas muaj nyob hauv Dubna, tsis muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb.

Nws kuj tau hais tias JINR cov kws tshawb fawb tau paub txog cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab, uas lawv tau txiav txim siab los ua tus thawj coj. Tias ib lub sijhawm tab tom los uas tsis yog tsim kev sib tsoo tshiab nkaus xwb, tab sis yog lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev txhim kho lub zog physics rau peb lub tebchaws.

International project

Raws li tib tus thawj coj, ua haujlwm ntawm NICA, qhov chaw Hadron Collider nyob, yuav yog thoob ntiaj teb. Vim tias kev tshawb fawb physics siab zog hauv peb lub sijhawm yog ua los ntawm tag nrho pawg kws tshawb fawb, uas suav nrog cov neeg los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm nees nkaum plaub lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb twb tau koom tes hauv txoj haujlwm no ntawm qhov chaw ruaj ntseg. Thiab tus nqi ntawm qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb no yog, raws li kwv yees kwv yees, tsib puas thiab plaub caug tsib lab daus las.

Tus tshiab collider tseem yuav pab cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb txog cov khoom tshiab, cov ntaub ntawv science, radiobiology, electronics, beam therapy thiab tshuaj. Tsuas yogTsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Roscosmos cov kev pabcuam, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm thiab pov tseg cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg thiab tsim cov peev txheej tshiab ntawm cryogen technology thiab lub zog uas yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb siv.

Higgs Boson

Lub Higgs boson yog lub npe hu ua Higgs quantum fields, uas tshwm sim nrog qhov tsim nyog hauv physics, lossis theej, hauv nws cov qauv qauv ntawm theem pib, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Higgs mechanism ntawm unpredictable breaking electroweak symmetry. Nws qhov kev tshawb pom yog ua tiav ntawm tus qauv qauv.

loj Bang
loj Bang

Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tib tus qauv, nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub inertia ntawm qhov loj ntawm elementary hais - bosons. Higgs teb pab piav qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm inertial huab hwm coj nyob rau hauv cov khoom, uas yog, cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tsis muaj zog, nrog rau qhov tsis muaj huab hwm coj nyob rau hauv cov cab kuj - ib qho kev sib cuam tshuam thiab electromagnetic (gluon thiab photon). Higgs boson nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv qhia nws tus kheej raws li ib tug scalar particle. Yog li, nws muaj xoom spin.

teb qhib

Lub boson no tau axiomatized rov qab rau xyoo 1964 los ntawm tus kws kho mob Askiv hu ua Peter Higgs. Tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tau kawm txog nws qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm kev nyeem nws cov ntawv. Thiab tom qab yuav luag tsib caug xyoo ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, uas yog, hauv 2012, thaum Lub Xya Hli 4, tau pom ib qho particle uas haum rau lub luag haujlwm no. Nws tau tshawb pom los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm LHC, thiab nws qhov loj yog kwv yees li 125-126 GeV / c².

Kev ntseeg tias qhov tshwj xeeb no yog tib yam Higgs boson, pab tau zoo heev. Hauv 2013, lub Peb Hlis, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm CERNtshaj tawm tias cov khoom uas pom tau rau lub hlis dhau los no yeej yog Higgs boson.

Tus qauv hloov tshiab, uas suav nrog cov khoom no, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim lub quantum renormalizable teb txoj kev xav. Thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd, thaum lub Plaub Hlis, pab pawg CMS tau tshaj tawm tias Higgs boson muaj qhov lwj ntawm qhov chaw qis dua 22 MeV.

Particle properties

Ib yam li lwm yam khoom los ntawm lub rooj, Higgs boson raug rau lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Nws muaj nqi xim thiab hluav taws xob, nrog rau, raws li tau hais ua ntej, xoom spin.

Higgs boson
Higgs boson

Muaj plaub qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Higgs boson:

  1. Tom qab fusion ntawm ob gluons tshwm sim. Nws yog tus tseem ceeb.
  2. Thaum khub WW- lossis ZZ- sib koom ua ke.
  3. Nrog cov xwm txheej nrog W- lossis Z- boson.
  4. Nrog quarks sab saum toj tam sim no.

Nws lwj mus rau hauv ib khub b-antiquark thiab b-quark, ua ob khub ntawm electron-positron thiab/los yog muon-antimuon nrog ob neutrinos.

Nyob rau hauv 2017, thaum pib ntawm Lub Xya Hli, ntawm lub rooj sib tham nrog kev koom tes ntawm EPS, ATLAS, HEP thiab CMS, cov lus tau ua kom pom cov lus pom thaum kawg tau pib pom tias Higgs boson tau lwj mus rau hauv ib qho khub ntawm b-quark- antiquark.

Thaum ntxov, nws yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb uas pom qhov no nrog koj tus kheej ob lub qhov muag hauv kev xyaum vim tias muaj kev nyuaj nrog kev sib cais ntawm tib quarks nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau. Tus qauv ntawm lub cev tau hais tias qhov kev lwj zoo li no feem ntau tshwm sim, uas yog, ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov xwm txheej. Qhib rau lub Kaum Hlis 2017txhim khu kev qha kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub teeb liab lwj. Cov nqe lus no tau ua los ntawm CMS thiab ATLAS hauv lawv cov ntawv tshaj tawm.

Txoj kev xav ntawm pawg neeg

Cov particle nrhiav tau los ntawm Higgs yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas Leon Lederman (Nobel laureate) hu ua Vajtswv cov lus nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm nws phau ntawv. Txawm hais tias Leon Lederman nws tus kheej, hauv nws tus thawj version, tau hais txog "Dab ntxwg nyoog qhov", tab sis cov neeg kho tsis lees paub nws qhov kev thov.

Lub npe tsis zoo no tau siv dav hauv xov xwm. Txawm hais tias ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tsis pom zoo rau qhov no. Lawv ntseeg tias lub npe "champagne lub raj mis boson" yuav tsim nyog ntau dua, vim tias lub peev xwm ntawm Higgs teb zoo ib yam li hauv qab ntawm lub raj mis no, thiab qhib nws yuav twv yuav ua rau kom tiav ntau lub raj mis.

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