RDX yog dab tsi? Vim tias cov npe sib txawv siv rau cov khoom no hauv ntau lub teb chaws, teb cov lus nug no tsis yooj yim li nws zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. TNT RDX yog ib qho tawg nyob rau hauv lub hnab yas tawg C-4. RDX ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cia thiab suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov tub rog muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog tawg tawg.
Lwm lub npe thiab keeb kwm
RDX kuj paub, tab sis tsawg dua, raws li cyclonite, RDX (tshwj xeeb yog lus Askiv, Fab Kis, German), T4, thiab tshuaj raws li cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich tau pib tshawb fawb rau hauv cyclonite rau kev siv tawm tsam German submarines, uas tau tsim nrog cov hull tuab. Lub hom phiaj yog los tsim cov khoom tawg ua kom muaj zog dua li TNT. Rau kev nyab xeeb vim li cas, UK tau hu ua lub koom haum tshawb fawb cyclonite lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb (RDX). Lub sij hawm RDX tshwmnyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv 1946. Lawv tsis paub tias hexogen yog dab tsi, vim hais tias lo lus no rau RDX yog siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Thawj pej xeem siv nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United Kingdom rau lub npe RDX los yog RDX. siv lub npe nom nyob rau xyoo 1948; nws cov neeg txhawb nqa yog tus tswj chemist, ROF Bridgewater, Tshuaj Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Txhim Kho, Woolwich thiab Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Royal Munitions, Explosives; dua, cov tshuaj no tsuas yog hu ua RDX.
Daim ntawv thov
Cov foob pob hluav taws siv hauv Daidusters Raid muaj 6,600 phaus (3,000 kg) ntawm Torpex. Lub Tallboy thiab Grand Slam foob pob tsim los ntawm Wallis kuj siv Torpex.
RDX ntseeg tau tias tau siv ntau lub foob pob, suav nrog cov foob pob ua phem.
RDX tau siv los ntawm ob tog hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tsim txog 15,000 tons hauv ib hlis thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees txog 7,000 tons hauv ib hlis. RDX muaj qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev muaj lub zog tawg ntau dua li TNT siv hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum Ib, thiab nws tsis tas yuav muaj cov khoom siv ntxiv los ua nws.
Qhib
Hexogen tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1898 los ntawm Georg Friedrich Henning, uas tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj German (Patent No. 104280) rau nws cov khoom siv los ntawm nitrolysis ntawm hexamine (hexamethylenetetramine) nrog concentrated nitric acid. Qhov patent no tau hais txog cov khoom siv tshuaj kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj; Txawm li cas los xij, peb daim ntawv pov thawj German ntxiv tau txais los ntawm Henning hauv xyoo 1916 piav txog hexogen litshuaj haum rau siv nyob rau hauv pa luam yeeb propellants. Cov tub rog German tau pib tshawb fawb txog kev siv hauv xyoo 1920, xa mus rau nws li RDX. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob tsis tau luam tawm kom txog rau thaum Edmund von Hertz, tau piav qhia tias yog neeg Austrian thiab tom qab ntawd German pej xeem, tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj British hauv xyoo 1921 thiab Tebchaws Meskas patent xyoo 1922. Ob daim ntawv thov patent tau tshuaj xyuas hauv Austria. Cov ntawv thov patent British suav nrog kev tsim cov RDX tawg los ntawm nitration, nws siv nrog lossis tsis muaj lwm yam khoom tawg, raws li tus nqi tawg, thiab ua ib lub detonator. Daim ntawv thov patent hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas yog rau kev siv lub hollow explosive device uas muaj RDX thiab lub hau detonator uas muaj RDX. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau txhim kho txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim RDX.
Third Reich
Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau siv cov npe W ntsev, SH ntsev, K-txoj kev, E-txoj kev thiab KA-txoj kev rau ntau hom RDX. Cov npe no sawv cev rau cov cim qhia rau cov neeg tsim tawm ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev tshuaj lom neeg rau RDX. W-txoj kev yog tsim los ntawm Wolfram xyoo 1934 thiab muab RDX lub npe "W-Salz". Nws siv sulfamic acid, formaldehyde thiab nitric acid. SH-Salz (SH ntsev) tau txais los ntawm Schnurr, uas tsim cov txheej txheem batch rau kev sib txuas ntawm hexogen hauv 1937-1938. Raws li hexamine nitrolysis. K-txoj kev los ntawm Keffler koom nrog ntxiv ammonium nitrate rau cov txheej txheem tsim cov khoom tawg. E-txoj kev tsim los ntawm Ebel tau ua zoo ib yam li cov uas tau piav saum toj no.method.
Cov foob pob tawg tau raug rho tawm los ntawm MK-108 cannon thiab R4M foob pob hluav taws lub taub hau, siv hauv Luftwaffe fighter ua riam phom tawm tsam, siv RDX ua lawv lub hauv paus tawg. Cov neeg nyeem tuaj yeem pom RDX cov qauv hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
UK
Nyob hauv tebchaws United Kingdom (Great Britain), RDX tau tsim los ntawm 1933 los ntawm lub chaw tshawb fawb ntawm lub chaw tsav tsheb ntawm Royal Arsenal hauv Woolwich, London, thiab ntawm cov cog loj dua tsim ntawm RGPF W altham Abbey ze London hauv 1939. Xyoo 1939, ob lub tuam txhab kev lag luam tau tsim los nruab rau ntawm qhov chaw tshiab 700-acre (280 ha) ROF Bridgwater, nyob deb ntawm London, thiab RDX ntau lawm pib hauv nroog Bridgwater ntawm ib qhov chaw thaum Lub Yim Hli 1941.
ROF Bridgwater cog siv ob qho tib si ammonia thiab methanol ua cov khoom noj: cov methanol tau hloov mus rau formaldehyde thiab qee cov ammonia tau hloov mus rau nitric acid, uas yog concentrated hauv RDX ntau lawm. Tus so ntawm ammonia tau tshwm sim nrog formaldehyde los muab hexamine. Cov nroj tsuag hexamine tau tsim los ntawm Imperial Chemical Industries. Nws suav nrog qee qhov nta raws li US (USA) cov ntaub ntawv. RDX tau tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv hexamine thiab concentrated nitric acid mus rau qhov sib xyaw txias ntawm hexamine thiab nitric acid hauv nitrator. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm RDX tsis hloov. RDX tau ua kom huv thiab ua tiav raws li qhov xav tau; kuj rov qab los thiabrov siv methanol thiab nitric acid. Lub hexamine nitration thiab RDX kho cov nroj tsuag tau muab luam tawm los muab qee qhov kev pov hwm tiv thaiv cov khoom poob vim hluav taws kub, tawg lossis cua tawm tsam.
Lub tebchaws United Kingdom thiab lub tebchaws Askiv tau tawm tsam yam tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke tawm tsam Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees mus txog thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1941 thiab yuav tsum ua tus kheej txaus. Lub sijhawm ntawd (1941) Tebchaws Askiv muaj peev xwm tsim tau 70 tons (71 t - 160,000 phaus) ntawm RDX ib lub lis piam; Canada thiab Asmeskas tau suav tias yog cov neeg siv khoom siv rau cov mos txwv thiab cov khoom tawg, suav nrog RDX. Los ntawm 1942, RAF qhov kev xav tau txhua xyoo yog kwv yees li 52,000 tons (53,000 tons) ntawm RDX, feem ntau yog los ntawm North America (Canada thiab Tebchaws Meskas). Tus qauv ntawm RDX mis yog nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Canada
Hauv Canada, lawv tau paub ntev tias hexogen yog dab tsi. Hauv lub tebchaws no, lwm txoj hauv kev tsim cov khoom tawg no tau pom thiab siv, tej zaum hauv chav haujlwm ntawm chemistry ntawm McGill University. Txoj kev no yog ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm paraformaldehyde thiab ammonium nitrate hauv acetic anhydride. Daim ntawv thov patent British tau tsim los ntawm Robert W alter Schiessler (Pennsylvania State University) thiab James Hamilton Ross (McGill, Canada) thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1942; UK patent tau tshaj tawm thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1947. Gilman thov tias tib txoj kev tsim khoom tau tshawb pom los ntawm Ebel hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes ua ntej Schiessler thiab Ross, tab sis qhov no tsis paub rau cov phoojywg. Urbansky muab cov ntsiab lus hais txogtsib txoj kev tsim khoom, thiab nws hais txog txoj kev no raws li (German) E-txoj kev. Tam sim no tsis yog tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws cov khoom, tab sis, qhov tseeb, cov tshuaj muaj zog ntau dua li hexogen.
USA
Nyob rau xyoo 1940, cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws hauv Asmeskas, E. I. Pont de Nemours & Company thiab Hercules, tau muaj ntau xyoo ntawm kev tsim cov trinitrotoluene (TNT) thiab tsis kam sim nrog cov khoom tawg tshiab. Cov tub rog Asmeskas tau coj tib txoj kev xav thiab xav siv TNT txuas ntxiv. RDX tau sim los ntawm Picatinny Arsenal hauv xyoo 1929 thiab suav tias yog kim heev thiab rhiab heev. Navy tau hais kom txuas ntxiv siv ammonium picrate. Hauv qhov sib piv, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Hauv Tebchaws (NDRC), uas tau mus xyuas Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, ntseeg tias yuav tsum muaj cov khoom tawg tshiab. James B. Conant, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm B, xav mus txuas ntxiv kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no. Yog li, Conant tau teeb tsa Lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm ntawm Mines, Brussels, Pennsylvania, siv cov chaw ntawm Chaw Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Txhim Kho (OSRD). Kev siv RDX feem ntau yog tub rog.
Nyob rau xyoo 1941, lub luag haujlwm ntawm British Tizard tau mus xyuas US Army thiab Navy departments, thiab qee cov ntaub ntawv tau muab suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Woolwich txoj kev tsim RDX (RDX) thiab ruaj khov los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog beeswax. Lub UK tau thov kom Asmeskas thiab Canada ua ke muab 220 tons (440,000phaus) RDX ib hnub twg. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tau ua los ntawm William P. P. Blandy, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tub Ceev Xwm, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab los txais yuav RDX rau siv hauv mines thiab torpedoes. Muab qhov kev xav tau tam sim ntawd rau RDX, US chav sib ntaus sib tua, ntawm Blandy qhov kev thov, ua ib tsob nroj uas tam sim ntawd theej cov cuab yeej thiab cov txheej txheem siv ntawm Woolwich. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no yog Wabash Ordnance Guard nyob rau hauv E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov nroj tsuag nitric acid loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tau koom nrog hauv cov haujlwm no. Cov txheej txheem Woolwich yog kim; rau txhua phaus ntawm RDX nws siv 11 phaus (5.0 kg) ntawm nitric acid muaj zog.
Txoj kev teeb meem
Thaum ntxov xyoo 1941, NCRR tau kawm cov txheej txheem tshiab. Cov txheej txheem Woolwich, lossis cov txheej txheem nitration ncaj qha, muaj tsawg kawg yog ob qhov teeb meem loj: nws siv ntau cov nitric acid thiab yaj yam tsawg kawg ib nrab ntawm formaldehyde. Ib mole ntawm hexamethylenetetramine tuaj yeem muab tsis pub ntau tshaj ib mole ntawm RDX. Yam tsawg kawg yog peb lub chaw kuaj mob uas tsis muaj kev tawg ua ntej tau ua haujlwm rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom zoo dua rau RDX; lawv tau nyob hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem ntawm Cornell, Michigan, thiab Pennsylvania. Werner Emmanuel Bachmann ntawm Michigan tau ua tiav "kev sib koom ua ke" los ntawm kev sib txuas cov txheej txheem Canadian nrog nitration ncaj qha. Cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke yuav tsum muaj ntau ntawm acetic anhydride es tsis txhob nitric acid nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem qub British "vulvist". Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov txheej txheem ua ke tuaj yeem tsim ob lub moles ntawm RDX los ntawm txhua tusmole hexamethylenetetramine.
Kev tsim khoom loj ntawm RDX tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv tso siab rau kev siv cov beeswax ntuj rau desensitization. Bruceton Explosives 'kev tshawb fawb lab tau tsim cov roj av-based stabilizer hloov.
Ntaus ntau lawm
NERC txib peb lub tuam txhab los tsim cov nroj tsuag tsav. Cov no yog: Western Cartridge Company, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, thiab Tennessee Eastman Company, ib feem ntawm Eastman Kodak. Ntawm Eastman Chemical Company (TEC), lub tuam txhab ua lag luam ntawm acetic anhydride, Werner Emmanuel Bachmann tau tsim cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv los tsim RDX. RDX yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tub rog thiab nws cov txheej txheem tsim tau qeeb heev thaum lub sijhawm. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1942, TEC pib tsim cov ntim me me ntawm RDX ntawm nws cov nroj tsuag tsav, Wexler Bend, uas ua rau tsoomfwv Meskas tso cai rau TEC tsim thiab tsim Cov Haujlwm ntawm Holston Ordnance Works (HOW) thaum Lub Rau Hli 1942. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1943, RDX tau tsim muaj nyob rau ntawd. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1944, Holston cog thiab Wabash Ordnance Plant, uas siv cov txheej txheem Woolwich, tau tsim 25,000 luv tons (23,000 tons - 50 lab phaus) ntawm cov khoom xyaw "B" ib hlis twg.
txheej txheem hloov pauv
Cov txheej txheem Bachmann rau RDX synthesis tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom siv ntau dua li cov qauv siv hauv tebchaws United Kingdom. Qhov no tom qab ntawd coj mus rau kev tsim RDX siv cov txheej txheem Bachmann.
Result
Lub hom phiaj ntawm United Kingdom hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II yog siv "desensitized" RDX. Nyob rau hauv thawj Woolwich RDX txheej txheem, RDX tau phlegmatized nrog beeswax, tab sis tom qab ntawd paraffin siv quav ciab raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm Bruceton. Hauv qhov xwm txheej uas UK tsis tuaj yeem tau txais RDX txaus kom tau raws li nws cov kev xav tau, qee qhov kev tsis txaus ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom raug kho los ntawm kev hloov amatol, sib xyaw ntawm ammonium nitrate thiab TNT. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav pab tau rau txhua tus neeg uas tseem tsis paub tias hexogen yog dab tsi.
