Soviet Academician Nikolai Antonovich Dollezhal yog tus tseem ceeb hauv USSR qhov project los tsim lub foob pob atomic. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog tus tsim qauv ntawm RBMK thiab nuclear fais fab reactors, uas tseem ua haujlwm niaj hnub no. Xibhwb nyob tau ib puas xyoo thiab mob siab rau science.
Biography
Nikolai Antonovich Dollezhal yug hauv Ukrainian lub zos Omelnik thaum Lub Kaum Hli 27, 1899. Nws txiv, Anton Ferdinandovich, ib tug Czech yug los, yog ib tug zemstvo railway engineer. Xyoo 1912, tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Podolsk ze Moscow, qhov chaw uas nws txiv tau ua haujlwm tshiab. Hauv lub nroog no, xyoo 1917, Nikolai kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm qib siab, tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Moscow State Technical University lub npe hu ua N. E. Bauman. Nws kawm hauv Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Mechanics, qhov twg nws txiv ib zaug tau txais nws txoj kev kawm.
Anton Ferdinandovich ntseeg hais tias ib tug tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib tus kws tshaj lij tiag tiag yog tias ib tus tsis ua haujlwm nrog nws txhais tes thiab tsis hnov tsw hlau, nws tau tsim cov kev ntseeg no rau hauv nws tus tub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv parallel nrog nws cov kev tshawb fawb, yav tom ntej kev kawm ntawv Dollezhal pib ua hauj lwmthawj zaug ntawm lub depot, thiab tom qab ntawd tom lub chaw kho tsheb.
Xyoo 1923, tus tub hluas kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tau txais kev kawm tiav hauv kev tsim kho tshuab.
Ua haujlwm ua ntej ua tsov rog thiab ua tsov ua rog xyoo
In 1925-1930. Nikolai Antonovich ua haujlwm hauv cov koom haum tsim. Nyob rau hauv 1929, nws tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe: Czechoslovakia, Austria thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Thaum rov qab los ntawm Dollezhal, lub cev ntawm OGPU ntawm lub USSR raug ntes, liam tias nws muaj feem xyuam nrog cov kab tsuag uas tau koom nrog hauv rooj plaub ntawm Industrial Party. Kev tshawb nrhiav tau siv sijhawm ib xyoos thiab ib nrab, thiab tag nrho lub sijhawm no tus kws qhia ntawv yav tom ntej tau nyob hauv tsev lojcuj. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1932, nws raug tso tawm yam tsis tau them nqi.
Tom qab qhov xaus, Nikolai Antonovich Dollezhal ua haujlwm ua tus thawj coj ua haujlwm hauv lub chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tuam txhab kev lag luam ntawm OGPU. Xyoo 1933 nws tau raug xaiv tsa tus thawj coj ntawm Giproazotmash hauv Leningrad. Ib xyoos tom qab, nws raug xa mus rau Kharkov Khimmashtrest mus rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1935, Nikolai Antonovich los ua tus thawj engineer ntawm lub Bolshevik cog nyob rau hauv Kyiv. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1938, nws tau mus ua haujlwm ntawm Moscow Research Institute "VIGM".
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1941, yav tom ntej tus kws tshaj lij Dollezhal tau raug xaiv tsa tus thawj coj ua haujlwm ntawm Uralkhimmash, uas tau tsim hauv Sverdlovsk. Xyoo 1943, nws tau los ua tus thawj coj thiab tus saib xyuas ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Tshuaj Engineering. Nws tsis yog ib lub koom haum scientific xwb, tab sis yog ib tug complex ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tsim departments nrog tsim ntau lawm thiab sim bases.
Tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear
Xyoo 1946, cov koom haum tshawb fawb tau nyiamrau Soviet atomic project. Nikolai Antonovich thiab ntau ntawm nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txhim kho thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear rau kev tsim riam phom-qib plutonium. Nyob rau hauv lub koom haum, ib chav tshwj xeeb tau tsim los ua cov hauj lwm, conditionally hu ua "Hydrosector".
Hnub tim lub sijhawm no twb muaj 46 xyoo lawm, thiab nws muaj kev paub zoo hauv ntau yam txuj ci: compressor engineering, hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, thiab kev lag luam tshuaj. Nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 1946, Nikolai Antonovich tau npaj ib txoj kab ntsug ntawm lub reactor yav tom ntej, thiab nws tau txais los siv.
Tus tsim "unit A" tau tsim tawm thaum Lub Rau Hli 1948. Thiab nyob rau lub yim hli ntuj 1949, lawv tau ua tiav cov thawj atomic foob pob los ntawm plutonium ua rau nws. Qhov no tau ua raws li xyoo 1951 los ntawm kev txhim kho, tsim thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kev sim "AI unit", uas tau tsim los tsim tritium. Cov khoom uas tshwm sim tau tso cai rau peb lub teb chaws yog thawj zaug los qhia lub zog ntawm thermonuclear tawg. Qhov no yog li cas Soviet nuclear shield pib forged.
Pib nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag
Cov tswv yim ntawm Nikolai Antonovich, siv nyob rau hauv thawj uranium-graphite apparatus, yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho ntawm yav tom ntej lub zog channel reactors. Kev lag luam nuclear fais fab hauv tsev tau pib txhim kho nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia los ntawm kev pib ua haujlwm ntawm Obninsk NPP hauv xyoo 1954 - lub ntiaj teb thawj zaug nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, lub plawv uas yog channel "AM unit".
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear tau pib thaum Dollezhal twb ua haujlwm ua tus thawj coj ntawm NII-8, lub koom haum tsim los ntawm 1952 los ntawm tsoomfwv los tsimnuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, uas yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv tsim thiab tsim ntawm thawj nuclear submarine nyob rau hauv lub Union.
Tsim ntawm nuclear submarines
Txij thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1952, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb tau pib ua haujlwm hnyav hauv kev tsim cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear nrog lub zog siv hluav taws xob. Nws yog thawj zaug uas cov cuab yeej no tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws, yog li nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nrhiav cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab hauv ntau qhov chaw tshawb fawb thiab txuj ci.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1956, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm qhov chaw sawv cev tau pib lub cev pib ntawm VM-A reactor, thiab ob xyoos tom qab ntawd cov cuab yeej pib ua haujlwm ntawm lub nkoj. Tom qab kev sim dej hiav txwv, lub nkoj nquam nkoj tau txais mus rau hauv kev sim ua haujlwm, thiab txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, thawj tiam nuclear submarines tau pib tsim khoom loj.
Nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, qhov zoo ntawm pab neeg uas coj los ntawm Dollezhal tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv 1959 NII-8 tau txais qhov Order of Lenin. Nyob rau hauv 1962, Nikolai Antonovich tau los ua ib tug kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub USSR Academy ntawm Sciences.
Tsim tshiab reactors
Dollezhal lub peev xwm los tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv thiab daws cov haujlwm uas tau muab tso rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Tom qab VM-A, thawj block reactor V-5 tau tsim - rau nws lub sijhawm, muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tso cai rau thawj lub nkoj nquam nkoj nrog lub titanium hull los tsim cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab dej nrawm, uas tseem tsis tau muaj dua.
Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm Academician Dollezhal, lawv tsim MBU-40 - thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob monoblock cog. Xyoo 1980-1990. raws li nws lub hauv paus, lawv tsim lub zog ntawm ib hom nkoj uas ua haujlwm rau hnub no.
Tsis tsawg duaPab neeg ntawm Nikolai Antonovich kuj ua haujlwm fruitful nyob rau hauv "hauv av" nuclear fais fab kev lag luam.
Nyob rau xyoo 1958, ob lub hom phiaj reactor EI-2, tsim los ntawm NII-8, tau tsim los tsim riam phom-qib plutonium thiab lub zog ntawm kev lag luam. Nws tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm thawj ntu ntawm Siberian NPP.
Tsis tas li ntawd, xyoo 1964 thiab 1967, lub koom haum tau tsim cov reactors tshiab rau Beloyarsk NPP npe tom qab IV Kurchatov, thawj zaug loj nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag hauv Soviet zog sector. Lawv tau siv Dollezhal lub tswv yim ntev ntev ntawm nuclear superheating ntawm chav, uas ua rau kom cov thermal efficiency ntawm fais fab nroj tsuag.
Tsim RBMK reactors
Nyob rau xyoo 1960, Soviet Union pib ntsib teeb meem nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no sai sai, lawv pib tsim cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear loj. Nikolai Antonovich Dollezhal coj tus qauv tsim ntawm RBMK reactors tsim rau lub zog hluav taws xob nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 1 txhiab MW.
Xyoo 1967, kev teeb tsa kev teeb tsa tau raug tso tawm. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1973, chav tsev fais fab nrog RBMK pib ua haujlwm ntawm Leningrad NPP. Xyoo 1975-1985. kaum peb ntxiv xws li kev teeb tsa tau tsim thiab muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Ua ke lawv tsim yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov hluav taws xob nuclear hauv USSR. Tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb tau txhim kho tus qauv tsim ntawm RBMK, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom lub zog ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tau los ntawm ib thiab ib nrab zaug. Cov reactors no tau teeb tsa ntawm ob chav ntawm Ignalina NPP, uas tau dhau los ua lub zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
teeb meem kev nyab xeeb thiab kev txhim kho tshiab
Academician Dollezhal tau ntseeg hauv kev tsimreactors nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, tab sis nws tau txhawj xeeb txog kev ua kom ntseeg tau ntawm nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag thiab ib puag ncig thiab nyiaj txiag teeb meem. Los ntawm nruab nrab-1970s, nws feem ntau tsa cov ncauj lus no hauv kev tshaj tawm thiab cov lus hais, hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau nce qib ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv kev teeb tsa thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm nuclear technology. Raws li kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig, Nikolai Antonovich tau hais kom tsim cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear uas yuav siv cov neutron reactors ceev, suav nrog cov txheej txheem roj.
Nuclear thev naus laus zis thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv Soviet Union tau tsim kho sai, uas xav tau kev nthuav dav loj ntawm kev sim hauv paus. Ua tiav los ntawm qhov no, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 1950s, Academician Dollezhal pib coj lub zog ntawm nws lub koom haum tshawb fawb mus rau kev tsim ntau yam kev tshawb fawb reactors. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, pas dej-hom IRTs tau tsim uas yooj yim rau siv, nrog rau cov cuab yeej RVD, MIR, SM-2, IBR-2, IVV-2, IVG-1, tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sim muaj peev xwm thiab cov yam ntxwv.
Kev qhia ua haujlwm
Nikolai Antonovich xav cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab, yog li los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1920 nws pib qhia hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Nws tau koom nrog cov kev ua ub no rau yuav luag rau caum xyoo, ntawm uas yuav luag ib feem peb ntawm ib puas xyoo nws tau mus rau lub Department of Nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag ntawm Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman.
Rau plaub caug xyoo, tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws tau coj kev txhim kho ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear, ua txoj hauv kev tshiab hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, coj nws cov neeg ua haujlwm lub siab ntawm kev muaj tswv yim thiab lub luag haujlwm siab.vim. Rau 34 xyoo, Dollezhal ua hauj lwm ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum, uas tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws chaw ntawm nuclear technology thiab technology nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation.
xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej
Xyoo 1986, vim muaj mob, tus kws tshaj lij tau tawm haujlwm los ntawm kev tswj hwm, tab sis txuas ntxiv txaus siab rau cov haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab pab tswv yim thiab cov lus pom zoo rau nws cov thwjtim thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej, Nikolai Antonovich nyiam los daws cov laus lej thiab geometric teeb meem txog squaring ib lub voj voog, trisecting lub kaum sab xis, thiab ob npaug rau ib lub voos xwmfab. Nws kuj mloog cov suab paj nruag classical, nyeem phau ntawv thiab qee zaus sau paj huam. Dollezhal tau suav hais tias xov tooj cua thiab TV yog qhov xwm txheej zoo rau noob neej. Tus kws qhia ntawv tau hais tias cov kev tsim kho no cuam tshuam nrog kev xav thiab qhia kom ntseeg cov neeg tshaj tawm ruam.
Nikolai Antonovich tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 101 ntawm 2000-20-11. Nws tus poj niam tuag plaub xyoos tom qab. Lawv raug faus rau hauv lub zos Kozino, Moscow cheeb tsam.
Memory
Nyob rau xyoo 2002, lub bust tau tsa hauv Moscow rau Academician Dollezhal.
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2010, ib txoj hauv kev ntawm lub nroog Podolsk tau muab npe rau nws, qhov chaw uas Nikolai Antonovich siv nws thaum yau thiab hluas. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib daim ntawv memorial raug ntsia rau hauv lub tsev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv qub uas nws kawm.
Lub Cuaj Hlis 2018, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Dollezhal Square tau tshwm sim hauv Central Administration District ntawm Lavxias lub nroog. Nws nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb, uas yog coj los ntawm ib tug kws tshawb fawb.
