USSR Academy of Sciences yog lub tsev kawm txuj ci siab tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet Union, uas muaj los ntawm 1925 txog 1991. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub teb chaws koom ua ke nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj. Lub Academy yog ncaj qha subordinate mus rau lub Council of Ministers ntawm lub USSR, thiab txij li thaum 1946 - mus rau lub Council of People's Commissars. Nyob rau hauv 1991, nws tau officially liquidated, thiab Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus, uas tseem ua hauj lwm niaj hnub no. Txoj cai sib raug tau kos npe los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm RSFSR.
Kev kawm ntawm ib lub tsev kawm txuj ci
Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm USSR tau tsim muaj nyob rau xyoo 1925 raws li Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, uas ua ntej Lub Ob Hlis Revolution muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm ib tug imperial. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem rau cov txiaj ntsig no tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg Commissars ntawm USSR thiab Central Executive Committee.
Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo tom qab tsim lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR, tus cwj pwm ntawm nws yog tsis meej pem vim hais tias ntawm nws cov xwm txheej raws li ib tug neeg tseem ceeb thiab kaw lub tsev kawm ntawv scientific. Txawm li cas los xij, sai sainws txoj kev koom tes nrog Bolsheviks tau pib, cov nyiaj tau muab tso rau hauv Central Commission rau Kev Txhim Kho Lub Neej Ntawm Cov Kws Tshawb Fawb thiab Tib Neeg Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Kawm. Nyob rau hauv 1925, ib tug tshiab charter ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR tau txais yuav, nws ua kev zoo siab rau nws 200th hnub tseem ceeb, raws li nws coj keeb kwm los ntawm lub St. Petersburg Academy ntawm Sciences, tsim los ntawm decree ntawm Peter I.
Tus kws tshawb fawb geologist Alexander Karpinsky tau los ua thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub tsev kawm tshawb fawb tshiab. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1920s, kev sim qhia meej tau pib tsim cov tog neeg thiab lub xeev tswj hwm lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas tseem muaj kev ywj pheej nyob rau xyoo dhau los. Nws tau subordinated mus rau Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Commissars, thiab nyob rau hauv 1928, nyob rau hauv lub siab los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, muaj coob tus tswvcuab tshiab ntawm lub Communist tog tau nkag mus rau cov thawj coj.
Nws yog lub sijhawm nyuaj hauv keeb kwm ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Ntau ntawm nws cov tswv cuab muaj cai tau sim tawm tsam. Yog li ntawd, thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1929, lawv tau ua tsis tiav peb tus neeg sib tw ua nom tswv ib zaug, uas tau khiav mus rau Academy of Sciences, tab sis thaum Lub Ob Hlis lawv raug yuam kom xa mus rau qhov kev kub ntxhov.
Purges at the academy
Xyoo 1929, tsoomfwv Soviet tau txiav txim siab los npaj "kev tshem tawm" hauv Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR. Rau qhov no, ib qho tshwj xeeb commission tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Figatner. Raws li nws qhov kev txiav txim siab, 128 tus neeg ua haujlwm puv sijhawm thiab 520 tus neeg ua haujlwm ywj pheej raug tso tawm, tag nrho muaj 960 thiab 830, raws li. Orientalist Sergei Oldenburg, ib tug ntawm cov ideologists tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev ywj pheej, raug tshem tawm ntawm tus tuav ntaub ntawv.
Tom qab ntawd, lub xeev thiab cov koom haum tau tswj hwm los tsim kev tswj hwm tag nrho, xaiv tus thawj tswj hwm tshiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Politburo txiav txim siab tawm Karpinsky ua tus thawj tswj hwm,Komarov, Marra thiab Lenin tus phooj ywg, lub hwj chim engineer Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, tau pom zoo ua deputies. Keeb kwm Vyacheslav Volgin raug xaiv tsa tus tuav ntaub ntawv ruaj khov.
Nov yog thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR thiab nws cov kev tsim yav dhau los, thaum cov thawj coj tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov lus qhia saum toj no, ua raws li kev pom zoo tsis siv neeg ntawm lub rooj sib tham dav dav. Qhov no tau dhau los ua ib qho piv txwv uas tau siv tsis tu ncua hauv kev xyaum.
Kev kawm ua lag luam
Lwm qhov kev cuam tshuam rau cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR yog qhov teeb meem txhaum cai uas tau tsim los ntawm OGPU hauv xyoo 1929 tawm tsam ib pawg kws tshawb fawb. Nws tau pib npaj tam sim ntawd tom qab qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm peb tus neeg sib tw los ntawm Pawg Sab Laj, uas tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tshiab. Tom qab ntawd, cov kev xav tau tshwm sim hauv cov xovxwm kom rov txhim kho lub tsev kawm txuj ci, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv cov kev tawm tsam yav dhau los tas li tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov phiaj xwm no tau xaus sai sai no.
Lub Yim Hli, qhov laj thawj tshiab rau "kev ntxuav" tau tshwm sim, thaum Figatner commission tuaj txog hauv Leningrad. Lub tshuab tseem ceeb tau muab rau lub tsev Pushkin thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1929, kev ntes tiag tiag pib. Qhov no feem ntau cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm thiab archivists. Lub Leningrad OGPU pib tsim lub koom haum tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam huab tais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.
Xyoo 1930 cov kws sau keeb kwm Sergei Platonov thiab Yevgeny Tarle raug ntes. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 1930, ntau tshaj li ib puas tus neeg tau nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua "Academic Case", feem ntau cov kws tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm tib neeg. Muab qhov hnyav rau qhov tseebCov koom haum hauv av, cov ceg hauv xeev tau koom nrog, raug ntes ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm hauv zos tau tshwm sim thoob plaws lub tebchaws.
Ib qho kev sim rau pej xeem hauv rooj plaub no tsis tau muaj. Qhov kev txiav txim tau dhau los ntawm pawg thawj coj saib xyuas kev txiav txim siab ntawm OGPU, uas tau txiav txim rau 29 tus neeg rau ntau yam kev raug kaw thiab raug ntiab tawm.
"Kev kawm txuj ci" tau cuam tshuam loj rau kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm hauv Soviet Union. Kev txuas ntxiv hauv kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm raug cuam tshuam, kev tshawb fawb kev ua haujlwm tau ua rau tuag tes tuag taw tau ntau xyoo, ntxiv rau, ua haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm pawg ntseeg, cov bourgeoisie thiab cov nom tswv, thiab cov pej xeem raug txwv. Rehabilitation tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1967.
YTxiv mus rau Moscow
Nyob rau xyoo 1930, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim txoj cai tshiab, uas tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Central. Nws tau txiav txim siab los ntawm pawg thawj coj rau kev tswj hwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv, tus thawj coj ntawm Volgin. Tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev npaj ua haujlwm tshiab rau yav tom ntej tau pom zoo.
Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau reorganization ntawm lub Soviet tsoom fwv, lub academy twb pauv mus rau lub department ntawm lub Central Executive Committee. Xyoo 1933, tau tshaj tawm tsab cai tshwj xeeb rov muab nws rau Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev.
Xyoo tom ntej, lub tsev kawm ntawv nws tus kheej thiab 14 subordinate scientific institutes tau pauv mus rau Moscow los ntawm Leningrad. Txoj cai sib raug tau kos npe los ntawm Molotov. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los hloov nws mus rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev, thaum nws tau ua tiav hauv qhov kev txiav txim kub ntxhov.
Xyoo 1935, tus tuav ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm Academy Volgintau sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Stalin thov kom nws tawm haujlwm. Nws tau sau tseg tias txoj haujlwm nyuaj tau ua tiav txhua lub sijhawm los ntawm ib tus, thaum lwm tus ntawm cov tswvcuab ntawm pawg neeg xa tawm cov tswv yim zoo lossis cov tswv yim zoo. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no rau tsib xyoos, tsis tau tsuas yog mus txuas ntxiv nws scientific kev ua ub no, tab sis txawm mus nyeem cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv nws tshwj xeeb, ua raws li txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws tus kheej scientific teb. Nws hais tias nws xav rov qab mus ua haujlwm thaum muaj hnub nyoog 56 xyoo, sai li sai tau nws yuav lig dhau lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau lees tias nws tsis xav tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm tog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau raug tshem tawm ntawm txoj haujlwm no, thiab Nikolai Gorbunov, tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg, tau los ua nws qhov chaw. Ntawm qhov chaw no, tus thawj coj tshiab tsis nyob ntev, txij li xyoo 1937 txoj haujlwm ntawm tus tuav ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tau raug tshem tawm. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov dej num no tau ua los ntawm cov thawj coj.
Ntau tus kws qhia ntawv
Thaum pib xyoo 1937, 88 tus kws tshaj lij tau suav tias yog cov tswv cuab tag nrho ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences, cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij muaj ntau tshaj plaub txhiab.
Ntau xyoo tom ntej, lawv cov lej tau nce ntau zaus. Los ntawm 1970, tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb tau nce xya npaug. Los ntawm 1985, suav nrog cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws qhia ntawv, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau ua haujlwm ib thiab ib nrab lab tus tib neeg.
Presidents
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, xya tus neeg tau ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences thoob plaws hauv nws keeb kwm. Nws thawj thawj coj Alexander Karpinsky tuag thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1936 thaum muaj hnub nyoog89 xyoo. Feem ntau ntawm cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws, suav nrog Yauxej Stalin, tau koom nrog nws lub ntees tuag, thiab cov tshauv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau so hauv phab ntsa Kremlin.
Nws tau hloov los ntawm tus kws paub txog thaj chaw thiab tus kws sau paj huam Vladimir Komarov. Nws tau raug suav hais tias yog ib tus tswv cuab ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR los ntawm lub hauv paus, txij li thaum nws tau txais daim ntawv no rov qab rau xyoo 1914. Nws tsim lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm pawg qauv los txiav txim lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm floras. Komarov ntseeg hais tias nws muaj peev xwm paub txhua yam nroj tsuag los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas nws keeb kwm. Twb tau nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws tau kos npe rau ib tsab ntawv thov mus nrog cov neeg ntxeev siab Bukharin, Trotsky, Rykov thiab Uglanov. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Sab Laj. Nws tuag thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1945 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 76.
Tus thawj tswj hwm thib peb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yog Sergei Vavilov, tus kwv yau ntawm tus kws tshaj lij hauv tebchaws Soviet. Sergei Ivanovich yog ib tug physicist, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nws nrhiav tau lub scientific lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub cev optics nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union. Nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no, nws tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej raws li ib tug neeg nyiam ntawm kev tshawb fawb, yog tus thawj coj ntawm kev tsim ntawm All-Union Society rau kev tshaj tawm txog kev paub txog science thiab kev nom kev tswv. Ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev siv zog, lub npe ntawm Lomonosov nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau los ua lub cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab science, thiab tseem muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no.
Nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv tau hloov pauv yam tsis tau xav txog rau qhov phem tshaj xyoo 1950. Cov kab mob ntsws thiab lub plawv raug kev txom nyem thaum khiav tawm ua lub luag haujlwm. Nws siv ob lub hlis nyob rau hauv ib tug sanatorium. Rov qab mus ua haujlwm, nws tau tuav lub rooj sib tham txuas ntxiv ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab ob lub hlis tom qab nws tuag los ntawm myocardial infarction.
Los ntawm 1951 txog 1961 organic chemist Alexander yog tus thawj tswj hwmNesmeyanov. Nws coj Lomonosov Moscow State University, yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Organoelement Compounds, txhawb veganism. Nws tawm ntawm nws tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm nws tus kheej thaum muaj hnub nyoog 62.
Rau 14 xyoo tom ntej no, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau coj los ntawm Soviet lej, yog ib tus kws tshaj lij ntawm qhov kev pab cuam, Mstislav Keldysh. Nws tau koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw ua haujlwm, kev tshawb nrhiav chaw, tab sis nws tsis tam sim ntawd nkag mus rau Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Tus Tsim Qauv hauv qab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Korolev. Nws tsim cov theoretical prerequisites rau ya mus rau lub hli thiab rau ntiaj chaw ntawm lub hnub ci system. Lub sijhawm uas nws coj lub tsev kawm ntawv yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm Soviet science. Tshwj xeeb, nws yog tom qab ntawd cov xwm txheej tau tsim rau kev txhim kho quantum electronics thiab molecular biology. Xyoo 1975 nws so haujlwm. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, nws poob mob hnyav. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1978, nws lub cev tau pom nyob rau hauv lub tsheb Volga nyob rau hauv lub chaw nres tsheb ntawm nws dacha nyob rau hauv lub zos Abramtsevo. Raws li official version, qhov ua rau tuag yog mob plawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv uas Keldysh tau tua tus kheej los ntawm kev lom nrog cov pa pa tawm vim muaj kev nyuaj siab los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo tseem nrov heev. Nws muaj 67 xyoo.
Tom qab Keldysh, physicist Anatoly Alexandrov los ua Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Academy. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm nuclear zog, nws cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb yog mob siab rau lub xeev physics, nuclear physics thiab polymer physics. Nws raug xaiv los ua txoj haujlwm no yam tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag xyoo 1986 yog nws tus kheej raug xwm txheej. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tawm los ua tus thawj tswj hwm. Nws txhawb nqa cov qauv uas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chaw nres tsheb cov neeg ua haujlwm tu yog cov neeg ua txhaum, txawm hais tias tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm lub xeev cov thawj coj tau lees paub tias cov laj thawj kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb heev.
Tus thawj tswj hwm zaum kawg ntawm Soviet Academy yog tus kws tshawb fawb thiab lej Gury Marchuk. Nws tau ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm atmospheric physics, suav lej, geophysics. Xyoo 1991, nws tau hloov los ntawm tus lej lej Yuri Osipov, twb tau ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb.
qauv thiab ceg
Thawj chav haujlwm raws li kev kawm tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1932. Lawv yog Far East thiab Ural ceg. Kev tshawb fawb hauv paus tau tshwm sim hauv Tajikistan thiab Kazakhstan. Yav tom ntej, cov ceg Transcaucasian tau tshwm sim nrog cov ceg ntoo hauv Azerbaijan thiab Armenia, Kola Research Base, Northern Base, ceg hauv Turkmenistan thiab Uzbekistan.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv suav nrog 14 lub tsev kawm ntawv Republican, peb ceg hauv cheeb tsam (Far Eastern, Siberian thiab Ural). Muaj plaub ntu:
- lej thiab lub cev thiab kev tshawb fawb;
- biological thiab chemical engineering sciences;
- Earth Sciences;
- social sciences.
Tseem muaj ntau tshaj kaum txoj haujlwm. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog archaeographic, Transcaucasian (ua haujlwm nyob ib ncig ntawm Lake Sevan), lub ncov qaumteb qabteb, rau kev kawm ntawm natural productive rog, ib tug kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub Caspian Hiav txwv, cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm lub USSR thiab cov nyob sib ze lub teb chaws, Uranium, Mudflow commissions, ib tug mus tas li keeb kwm commission thiab ntaulwm tus.
kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb
Nws tau ntseeg tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yog kev pabcuam puv ntoob hauv kev qhia txog kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb mus rau kev coj ua ntawm kev tsim qauv hauv tebchaws Soviet, kev txhim kho thiab kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb..
Kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm cov chaw sim, cov koom haum thiab cov neeg soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov qauv ntawm USSR Academy ntawm Sciences suav nrog 295 lub tsev kawm txuj ci. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tshawb fawb nkoj, lub network ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv, muaj nws lub tsev tshaj tawm ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Nws hu ua Science. Raws li xyoo 1982, nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws tsis yog hauv lub tebchaws xwb, tab sis kuj nyob hauv ntiaj teb.
Qhov tseeb, nws thawj thawj yog lub tsev luam ntawv ntawm Academy of Sciences, uas cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev kawm tau luam tawm txij li xyoo pua 17th. Raws li ib feem ntawm Soviet Academy of Sciences, lub tsev luam ntawv tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1923. Thaum pib nyob rau hauv Petrograd, nws thawj lub taub hau yog Soviet mineralogist thiab tus tsim ntawm geochemistry Alexander Fersman. Lub tsev tshaj tawm tau tsiv mus rau Moscow hauv xyoo 1934.
Thaum kawg ntawm 80s, txhua xyoo kev ncig yog yuav luag 24 lab luam. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, lub tsev tshaj tawm ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR tau dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm nyuaj, tsis tu ncua raug thuam los ntawm pawg thawj coj saib xyuas kev tawm tsam kev dag ntxias ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb thiab pseudoscience rau luam tawm monographs ntawm dubious cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev them nyiaj. Tam sim no nyob rau verge ntawm bankruptcy.
Tib lub sijhawm, xyoo dhau los, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tau luam tawm ntawm no, uas muaj lub npe dav dav "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR". Los ntawm lawv tus kheejcov lus qhia lawv tau luam tawm los ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev thiab ntu ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, rov qab mus rau Phau Tsom Faj (nws tau luam tawm los ntawm 1728 txog 1751). Piv txwv li, seem ntawm social sciences luam tawm ob series ntawm "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" mob siab rau cov ntawv nyeem, lus thiab kev lag luam. Plaub series tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb sciences seem: geological, geographical, dej hiav txwv thiab atmospheric physics, thiab physics ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, lub Academy tau suav hais tias yog lub chaw loj tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho cov kev tshawb fawb hauv kev lag luam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tshawb fawb ntuj, ua cov thawj coj hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv ntau qhov chaw, koom tes ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim kho tshuab, lej, chemistry, physics, biology, sciences txog lub ntiaj teb thiab lub ntiaj teb. Kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kab lis kev cai, lub koom haum ntawm kev vam meej, txhim kho lub teb chaws txoj kev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam.
Tsawg kawg, qhov no yog li cas USSR Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb tau tso nws tus kheej hauv lub sijhawm Soviet. Hauv kev muaj tiag niaj hnub no, nws txoj haujlwm feem ntau raug thuam. Tshwj xeeb, qee cov kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias txawm tias muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho thiab lub xeev ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb hauv Soviet thiab lub zog loj tshaj plaws, thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, USSR Academy of Sciences tsis tuaj yeem tuaj nrog ib qhov project loj thiab tseem ceeb. uas tuaj yeem hloov kho tag nrho Soviet science.
Khoom plig tsim los ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR
Cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab khoom plig rau lawv txoj haujlwm,inventions thiab discoveries uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau txoj kev xav thiab xyaum.
Gold medals ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences tau muab khoom plig rau kev ua tiav kev tshawb fawb, kev tsim khoom thiab kev tshawb pom. Kuj tseem muaj khoom plig uas tau txais txiaj ntsig rau ib tus neeg ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov haujlwm ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke los ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus.
Tam sim no, qhov khoom plig loj kub muaj npe tom qab Lomonosov, uas tau pib muab khoom plig rau xyoo 1959, tau suav tias yog qhov khoom plig siab tshaj plaws; cov kws tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem tau txais nws. Thawj tus tau txais txiaj ntsig yog Petr Kapitsa rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias physics. Tsis tas li ntawm cov laureates yog Alexander Nesmeyanov, Japanese Hideki Yukawa thiab Shinichiro Tomonaga, Englishman Howard W alter Flory, Iranian Istvan Rusniak, Italian Giulio Natta, Frenchman Arno Danjoy thiab ntau lwm tus.
Institutions
Institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences tau ua lub luag haujlwm zoo hauv kev txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum no. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam, uas nws nrhiav kom comprehensively tsim. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1944 lub Academy of Medical Sciences ntawm lub USSR tau tsim. Lub tswv yim ntawm nws cov creation belongs rau Georgy Miterev thiab Nikolai Burdenko.
Lub tswv yim uas tau hais los ntawm Burdenko qhov siab tshaj plaws tau cuam tshuam cov kev xav ntawm lub teb chaws cov neeg tseem ceeb kho mob nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws cov dej num tseem ceeb suav nrog kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov teeb meem hauv kev coj ua thiab kev tshawb xav ntawm cov tshuaj, lub koom haum ntawm kev tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb sib koom ua ke, suav nrog cov thoob ntiaj teb, thiab kev cob qhia cov kws tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb txog biology thiab tshuaj.
BLub tsev kawm ntawv muaj peb chav haujlwm. Lub Department of Microbiology, Hygiene thiab Epidemiology koom ua ke xya lub koom haum, 13 lub koom haum yog ib feem ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kho Mob, thiab thaum kawg, lwm 9 lub koom haum tau ua haujlwm rau Department of Biomedical Sciences.
Tam sim no Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Chemistry thiab Cov Khoom Siv Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb tau siv los ua Academy ntawm Tshuaj Sciences ntawm USSR. Cov txheej txheem no tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1939 tom qab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pab pawg kws kho mob nrog rau pawg chemistry ntawm Department of Natural thiab lej Sciences. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb, ntau cov ntawv xov xwm nrov thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tau luam tawm: "Inorganic Materials", "Journal of General Chemistry", "Chemical Physics", "Progress in Chemistry" thiab ntau lwm yam.
Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm USSR tau koom nrog cov kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev kawm. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1966 tom qab kev hloov pauv ntawm Academy of Pedagogical Sciences ntawm RSFSR, uas tau muaj nyob rau ob xyoo dhau los. Nws lub tsev hauv paus nyob hauv Moscow, thaum nws yog ib feem ntawm Ministry of Education.
Raws li lawv lub hom phiaj, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab los tsim thiab ua kev tshawb fawb hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm kev xav, kev qhia thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev. Tsuas muaj peb lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv academy system. Qhov no yog ib lub tuam tsev ntawm cov txheej txheem ntiag tug thiab kev ua haujlwm, kev qhia dav dav, kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab kev qhia, nrog rau 12 lub koom haum tshawb fawb.
Lub koom haum keeb kwm ntawm USSR Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb tau tshwm sim xyoo 1936 tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Nws hloov tag nrho nws cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab lub koom haum mus rau lub system ntawm Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR. Nws suav nrogLub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm thiab Archaeography ntawm Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR thiab lub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub Communist Academy rau hauv nws cov qauv. Txij li thaum 1938 muaj ib ceg Leningrad.
Xyoo 1968 nws tau muab faib ua Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Keeb Kwm Ntiaj Teb thiab Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Keeb Kwm ntawm USSR. Qhov no tshwm sim tom qab tso tawm ntawm Alexander Nekrich phau ntawv resonant "1941, Lub Rau Hli 22". Nyob rau hauv 1965, nws tau hais nyob rau hauv lub epicenter ntawm kev nom kev tswv scandal. Tam sim ntawd tom qab tso tawm ntawm cov ntim no, phau ntawv tau muag tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov khw muag khoom, nyiag los ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb muag nws rau 5-10 npaug ntau dua li nws lub ntsej muag tus nqi. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1967, nws tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txwv. Yog vim li cas rau qhov kev zoo siab yog hais tias tus sau, thawj zaug nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Soviet Union, hais txog lub unpreparedness ntawm lub Soviet pab tub rog rau lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, nrog rau cov extermination ntawm commanders, uas yog ua los ntawm cov kev paub ntawm Stalin thiab lub extermination. Politburo. Nekrich, raws li kev cia siab, xav tias qhov chaw tos txais neeg tawm tsam Stalinist yuav txhawb nqa nws, tab sis nws tau yuam kev. Senior tub ceev xwm thuam nws.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm Nekrich nws tus kheej tau txheeb xyuas ob peb zaug hauv Pawg Neeg Tswj Xyuas Pawg. Qhov teeb meem no tsis txwv rau kev tshem tawm tog: Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Keeb Kwm tau muab faib ua ob lub koom haum. Tsis muaj leej twg yuav tso tseg tus kws tshawb fawb, txij li nws tau nto moo nyob txawv teb chaws. Yog li ntawd, nws raug xa mus rau lub koom haum ntawm General History, yog li ntawd nws yuav tsis ua ib yam dab tsi uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog domestic affairs. Xyoo 1976, nws tsiv teb tsaws chaw.
Tag nrho cov no ib zaug ua pov thawj tias nyob rau hauv Soviet science, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws tsis yog qhov tseeb, kev sib cav thiab pov thawj uas muaj nuj nqis, tab sis loy alty rau tsoom fwv uas twb muaj lawm, muaj peev xwm ua.xaiv lub ntsiab lus "txoj cai" uas yuav ua tiav los ntawm kev tswj hwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev coj noj coj ua tsis yog tsuas yog lub tsev kawm ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv lub tebchaws.
