Kev xav rau kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem ntsib tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg nyiam kawm xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov neeg paub txog kev zoo nkauj thiab xav paub. Chemistry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseeb uas tus neeg kawm paub lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog ntau yam thiab nthuav heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj tshem tawm kev tshawb fawb ntev thiab pom qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawd.
Kab lus luv luv piav qhia txog cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis txaus ntseeg thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv.
Reaction ib: sodium thiab H2O, gaseous chlorine
Cov lus qhia yooj yim: ntxiv ib tee dej rau sodium thiab roj, thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav pib. Tus neeg tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pom dab tsi, nws yuav tsum xav li cas? Nrog rau qhov no, txhua yam yog yooj yim heev: thawj zaug, ntau lub tshav kub yuav raug tso tawm, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov kub ntawm lub hwj yuav nce. Qhov thib ob, kev daws teeb meem yuav emit ib lub teeb daj daj. Qhov kev sim no yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg txawv txawv tshaj plaws.
Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim? Lub ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sodium. Vim nws lub ntuj flammability, nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej tsis muaj teeb meem vim tias thaum chlorine thiabsodium chloride, paub zoo rau cov neeg zoo tib yam li cov lus ntsev, uas tuaj yeem pom hauv txhua chav ua noj.
Reaction ob: dej khov qhuav thiab magnesium
ice qhuav yog dab tsi? Nws yog khov carbon dioxide. Nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sim nyob rau hauv tsev, thaum filming thiab clips nrog hnub qub. Thaum nws nkag mus rau ib puag ncig sov lossis dej, cov tshuaj pib haus luam yeeb thiab muab cov nyhuv pos huab, uas nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo nkauj.
Qhov thib ob yog magnesium, ib yam khoom uas muaj hluav taws kub heev los ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Thaum pib, tom qab tshawb pom cov cuab yeej no, nws tau siv los ua lub teeb nyem rau lub koob yees duab, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau pib siv los ua cov khoom sib xyaw ua haujlwm rau qhov hluav taws kub.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej mus zoo li no: magnesium yog nyob rau hauv ib hom tawb ntawm carbon dioxide, thiab txij li thaum nws muaj peev xwm hlawv ob qho tib si hauv nws thiab hauv nitrogen, txheej txheem pib. Muaj ob peb yam tshwj xeeb sab nraud, tab sis txhua yam zoo li yog cov dej khov kub kub ntawm sab hauv, thiab ntxiv rau, cov dej khov qhuav evaporates hauv daim ntawv pos.
Thib peb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: khoom qab zib thiab bertolet ntsev
Potassium chlorate yog ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem pom tsis yog hauv cov foob pob hluav taws xwb, tab sis kuj muaj nyob rau hauv kev tua kab mob. Cov tshuaj nws tus kheej yog ib qho ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm Mendeleev system: oxygen, potassium thiab chlorine. Thaum rhuab mus rau qhov kub ntawm cov ntsev pib yaj, kev sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj provokes ib tug tawg, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas ib tug gas yog tso tawm - oxygen. Hom noCov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo nkauj yog siv qhov chaw nkag mus rau huab cua tag nrho lossis ib nrab thaiv, piv txwv li, hauv submarines lossis chaw nres tsheb.
Ntxiv rau qhov kub thiab roj tso tawm thaum lub sijhawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ib tus tuaj yeem saib pom cov nyhuv - ib kab ntawm nplaim taws. Thaum koj rov tsim dua qhov kev sim, piv txwv li, nrog ib daim qab zib, koj yuav tau txais cov nplaim hluav taws muaj zog, tawg me me, thiab sab nraud nws yuav zoo li qhov qab zib nws tus kheej kub hnyiab.
Reaction Plaub: Meissner Effect
Qhov kev sim no tau ua ntau zaus, tsis yog hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab xwb, tab sis txawm nyob hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, yog tias, tau kawg, cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv tso cai. Txhawm rau ua qhov kev sim, koj xav tau lub tshuab hluav taws xob superconductor, lub tshuab txias thiab cov hlau nplaum. Thaum txias mus rau qhov kub ntawm qhov kub ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv, tus superconductor yuav pib ua haujlwm tawm tsam txhua qhov chaw sib nqus. Outwardly, nws yuav zoo li ib yam khoom hovering tshaj ib tug hlau nplaum.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no yog siv rau hauv ib tiam tshiab ntawm kev thauj mus los, tsis muaj kev sib txhuam ntawm cov log thiab cov tsheb ciav hlau. Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog qhov pib ntawm kev txhim kho tshiab ntawm kev thauj mus los.
Reaction Plaub: Superabsorbent Polymers
Txawm hais tias qhov tshwj xeeb no tam sim no paub rau txhua tus, nws tseem tsim nyog them me ntsis rau nws. Superabsorbent polymers (nrov npe hu ua hydrogels) muaj peev xwm nqus tau cov dej loj heev piv rau lawv qhov hnyav.
Hnub no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo nkauj no tuaj yeem nqa tawm hauv tsev, txij li hydrogel granules raug muag yuav luag.txhua kauj ruam. Ntau tus neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus txaus siab saib yuav ua li cas cov granules loj tuaj.
Hauv kev tsim khoom, cov khoom siv zoo sib xws yog siv los tsim cov ntaub npuag rau cov menyuam yaus lossis hauv cov chaw uas muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv dej cuam tshuam nrog nws txoj kev nqus.
Tus lej tsib: sulfur hexafluoride
Ntawm nws lub hauv paus, cov khoom no yog cov roj uas hnyav dua li huab cua. Nws tuaj yeem muab nchuav rau hauv lub thawv thiab xa txhua yam khoom siv lub teeb rau kev caij nkoj. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov pa roj yog non-toxic, non-flammable thiab tag nrho cov xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab, uas tsim lub illusion tias cov khoom yog floating nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.
Ntxiv rau tag nrho lwm yam khoom, cov roj no muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb: thaum nws nqus tau, lub suab ntawm tus neeg lub suab qis dua, uas yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm helium.
Reaction rau: Helium txias
Cov cuab yeej ntawm helium hloov ib tus neeg lub suab, tsa nws cov ntoo, twb tau hais lawm, tab sis muaj lwm qhov, nthuav ntau dua. Thaum helium txias mus rau qhov kub ntawm -271 ntawm lub Celsius nplai, cov pa roj compressed mus rau lub xeev ua kua. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev no cov pa roj pib ua txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb, cov tshuaj zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev inferior rau qhov tshwm sim. Thiab cov kab hauv qab yog tias cov kua tsim los ntawm helium coj txawv txawv kiag li: nws tuaj yeem txav mus los, txawm tias lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Lwm cov cuab yeej nthuav dav ntawm helium hauv lub xeev no yog superfluidity, uas yog, nws tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm cov raj me me thiab qhov.
Reaction xya:Briggs-Rauscher
Txawm koj hais, nws yog nws tus thawj coj hauv kev xaiv tsa "Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo nkauj tshaj plaws". Tag nrho nws txoj kev zoo nkauj nyob hauv qhov pom xim xim. Tom qab ua tiav ntawm kev npaj cov tshuaj, pib tsis muaj xim, cov xim zoo nkauj pib tshwm sim. Ua ntej, cov kua tau txais cov xim zoo nkauj amber, tom qab ntawd nws dhau los ua xiav tsaus ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm, tom qab ntawd nws rov qab mus rau nws lub xeev qub, tom qab ntawd rov ua dua txhua qhov kev hloov pauv hauv lub voj voog ob peb zaug, kom txog rau thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho. Yog vim li cas rau lub voj voog hloov yog vim thaum pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov tshuaj raug tso tawm uas provoke lub tom ntej no, thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog.
Tau kawg, cov no tsis yog txhua yam tshuaj zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Tseem muaj ntau yam kev nthuav dav thiab txawv txawv uas tuaj yeem ua rau xav tsis thoob txawm tias cov neeg tsis ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Qee tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv tsev, qee qhov - tsuas yog hauv chav kuaj. Tab sis tsis muaj leej twg yuav tawm tsam qhov tseeb tias chemistry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb nthuav.
