Peb nug cov lus nug kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub, peb xav kom cov ntaub ntawv tshiab kiag li, nyob rau hauv lwm yam uas peb twb ib feem paub txog dab tsi tshwm sim thiab thov kom paub meej los yog refutation ntawm qhov peb paub. Tsis tas li nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, peb tuaj yeem qhia qhov xav tsis thoob lossis tsis ntseeg, uas yog, cov lus nug no feem ntau hais lus. Kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, peb feem ntau siv ob hom lus nug:
- general;
- tshwj xeeb.
Sib faib, lwm cov lus nug tso cai rau koj los tsim cov lus nug uas siv qhov kev xav tau npaj txhij. Tab sis lwm txoj hauv kev, tsis zoo li kev faib ib qho, muaj ntau cov lus teb los xaiv. Kab lus no muab cov ntsiab cai dav dav ntawm kev tsim kho thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus nug tsis sib haum ua lus Askiv.
Thaum twg tag cov lus nug siv
Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus nug disjunctive, ib qho kev xav yog formulated uas yog affirmative los yog tsis zoo, nws tsim lub hauv paus. Nyob ntawm cov lus siv thiab intonation, kab lus tuaj yeem ua rau xim sib txawv. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus nug tag ua lus Askiv:
- Koj yeej paub qhov tseeb thiab xav rov sau dua. /Nws zoo nkauj, tsis yog nws?/Nws zoo nkauj, tsis yog nws?/.
- Koj paub tseeb tias lub sijhawm koj hais nws, tab sis tom qab ntawd kev tsis ntseeg tshwm sim uas ua rau koj xam mis. /Hnub no yog hnub Monday, puas yog?/Hnub no yog hnub Monday, puas yog?
- Koj paub tias ob qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xwm txheej muaj peev xwm ua tau, thiab ua ntej koj qhia qhov yuav tshwm sim tshaj plaws, thiab tom qab ntawd koj hais qhov kev xav ntawm qhov thib ob. /Nws nyob hauv lub vaj tam sim no, puas yog? / Nws nyob hauv vaj tam sim no, lossis tsis?/.
- Koj paub tias koj tuaj yeem ua tau lossis yuav tsum ua li cas, thiab koj xav tau kev pab hauv kev txiav txim siab (qee zaum qhov no tshwm sim, suav nrog hauv kev sib tham nrog koj tus kheej). /Kuv yuav tsum ceev faj, tsis yog kuv?/.
- Koj xav tias qhov tseeb tsis phim koj qhov kev xav, tab sis qhia kev cia siab rau qhov xwm txheej zoo. /Koj muaj tus yuam sij, tsis yog koj?/Koj muaj tus yuam sij, kuv vam tias?/.
- Koj xav tias qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws, tab sis tsis txhob poob kev cia siab. /Koj tsis muaj tus yuam sij, koj puas muaj?/Koj tsis muaj tus yuam sij, koj puas?/.
- Koj paub tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb thiab hais koj qhov kev xav, tab sis tom qab ntawd pom tias tus neeg sib tham tsis qhia kev pom zoo nrog koj. /Tab sis koj tsis nyob ntawd, puas yog?/Tab sis koj tsis nyob ntawd … lossis koj nyob ntawd?/.
- Koj yog neeg soj ntsuam thiab xyuas seb koj xav li cas tiag. /Koj xav tau qee qhov so, tsis yog koj?/Koj xav tau so, kuv puas yog?/.
Ib qho piv txwv hauv Lavxias
Hauv Lavxias thiab Askiv muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws rau kev tsim cov kab lus thiab kev tsim cov kab lus pom zoo thiab tsis zoo. Ntawm chav kawm, ib tug du thiab ncaj logic tsis yog ib txwm taug qab ntawm no, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov kev tsim kho muaj qhov sib piv, nrog rau kev faib cov lus nug. Lavxias teb sab analogue tuaj yeem hais qhia hauv nqe lus nug / Tiag?/, / Lossis tsis yog?/, / Lossis ua?/, / Tiag?/. Yuav ua li cas yog ib lo lus nug disjunctive tsim ua lus Askiv? Cov lus qhia nrog cov txheej txheem kev tsim ua ib ntus thiab kev sib koom ua ke kom meej meej qhia txog kev tsim qhov xaus los ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus qhia tsis zoo.
Qhov txawv ntawm cov lus Lavxias
Lavxias teb lus yog hloov tau yooj yim dua, thiab cov lus nug ntawm no tsis tas yuav raug cais tawm thaum kawg ntawm kab lus. Lawv tuaj yeem sib haum xeeb rau hauv cov ntaub ntawm qhov teeb meem, noj txhua txoj haujlwm. Lawv kuj tsis tshua muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar. Feem ntau zoo li no qhib kab lus, yog li peb tsis tas yuav mloog tus hais lus lossis nyeem cov ntawv kom kawg ua ntej pom tias cov lus tsis yog nqe lus tiag tiag. Yog vim li cas rau qhov nyuaj hauv kev nkag siab cov kab lus feem ntau yog cov feem ntau illlogical thiab cellular kab lus ntawm lus Askiv. Sib cais cov lus nug, tau kawg, kuj tuaj yeem kwv yees tau - nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv thiab tus interlocutor txoj cai intonation.
Verbs uas siv tau
Russiancov lus tso cai rau kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov kab lus no hauv cov kab lus sib txawv, suav nrog los ntawm kev siv cov lus qhia. Lus Askiv tso cai rau koj los tsim cov lus nug tsis sib xws li cas? Cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus nug xaus uas qhia nyob rau hauv lub rooj nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm npog lub ntsiab lus spellings. Hauv ntu thib ob ntawm cov lus nug disjunctive, tsuas yog cov lus qhia hauv qab no tuaj yeem siv tau:
- /to be/;
- /do/;
- tiag tiag modal verbs.
True modality
Modality yuav tsum muaj tseeb, uas yog, nws yog qhov tsis raug rau kev siv tsis raug cai modal (quasimodal) verbs, txawm tias lawv ua haujlwm li no hauv kab lus. Modal verbs tsim nyog suav nrog /can/, /have/, /must/, /may/, /ought to/.
Nkauj ruam thib ob
Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam kev hais lus nrog cov lus rov qab thiab tsis txhob tautology, cov lus hais txog cov ntsiab lus raug siv rau hauv qhov kev nug, cov lus qhia tsis zoo raug muab tso rau hauv qhov tsim nyog conjugation, muab tias lawv muaj daim ntawv tus kheej. Muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm no - ua ke nrog /I / hauv qhov kev nug tsis zoo xaus, /am / ib txwm siv / tsis yog /. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus nug tag ua lus Askiv nrog /I / hauv cov lus pom zoo ntawm kab lus: /Kuv tsis phem, kuv puas yog?/Kuv tsis phem/, /Kuv nyob ntawm txoj kev, tsis yog kuv? /Kuv nyob ntawm txoj kev, puas yog?/.
Txoj cai kev tsim kho
Cov kev tsim kho zoo li no yog tsim los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws - yog tias thaum xub thawj koj ua qhov zoonqe lus, ces qhov xaus lus nug yuav tsum yog nrog ib tug tsis zoo particle, thiab vice versa. Hauv thawj ntu, qee qhov kev xav tau hais tawm, hauv ntu thib ob, koj muab cov lus qhia tsis zoo rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov lus hais. Yog li, lub tswv yim yooj yim rau kev tsim cov lus nug disjunctive yog bipolar. 10 lo lus nug tag ua lus Askiv, qhia hauv cov lus hauv qab no, qhia meej meej txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim qhov xaus. Qhov no tshwm sim txawm hais tias koj lees paub cov lus zoo lossis tsis lees paub qhov tsis zoo. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas cov lus siv nyob rau hauv thawj ib feem ntawm kab lus uas pib muaj negation nyob rau hauv lawv lub ntsiab lus, qhov xaus yuav tsis kab raws tus ncej.
Piv txwv: /Lawv yeej yuav tsis kam, lawv puas?/, /Tam sim no peb mus qhov twg, peb puas yog?/.
siv nyuaj
Qee zaum nws tuaj yeem nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab seb lub npe twg yuav tsum xaus. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tshwm sim thaum lub ntsiab lus raug tshem tawm, lossis thaum siv lub npe tsis kawg.
Nrog cov ntsiab lus tshem tawm, peb yuav tsum muaj kev xav los ntawm tus neeg twg (tus neeg) qhov kev txiav txim los, thiab ua raws li qhov no, siv cov lus hais thiab cov lus tsis zoo. Muaj ntau qhov kev tsim kho uas ib txwm siv nrog cov tswv cuab uas raug tshem tawm, thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus tshem tawm raug txhais los ntawm lub neej ntawd. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no yuav tsum nco ntsoov thiab siv tau, siv cov hauv qab nopiv txwv ntawm cov lus nug tag ua lus Askiv:
/Cia peb mus tom hav zoov hmo no, peb puas yuav?/Cia peb mus tom hav zoov hmo no, peb puas yuav?/
/Cia peb mus tom hav zoov hmo no koj puas yuav?
Nrog cov lus hais tsis kawg, cov saw hlau ntawm kev xav tau tshwm sim, tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas tus neeg. Peb tsis tuaj yeem xav tias leej twg tshwj xeeb (tsis yog / nws /, lossis / nws /, lossis / nws / lossis / koj /, lossis / kuv /) nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no, uas txhais tau hais tias peb sib npaug ntawm tus tswv cuab tsis paub rau lub teeb. Yog li ntawd, lawv muab tso rau ntawm qhov kawg.
/Txhua tus neeg hu nws lub npe, puas yog?
