Sulfur yog ib qho khoom ntawm D. I. Mendeleev lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, nws tus lej atomic yog kaum rau. Nws muaj cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau. Txhais los ntawm tsab ntawv Latin S. Lub npe, xav tias, muaj lub hauv paus Indo-European - "kom hlawv."
Historical foundations
Thaum twg sulfur tau tshawb pom thiab nws pib rho tawm, nws tsis meej. Nws tsuas yog paub tias cov neeg thaum ub paub txog nws ntev ua ntej peb lub sijhawm. Cov pov thawj thaum ntxov siv nws nyob rau hauv lawv cov kab lis kev cai rituals, suav nrog nws hauv kev sib xyaw fumigating. Cov ntxhia sulfur raug ntaus nqi los ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov vajtswv, feem ntau nyob hauv ntiaj teb.
Rau lub sijhawm ntev, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, nws tau siv los ua cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw uas tau siv los ua tub rog. Homer kuj tsis quav ntsej cov ntxhia sulfur. Hauv ib qho ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, nws piav txog "evaporations" uas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tus neeg thaum hlawv.
Historians qhia tias sulfur yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv lub npe "Greek hluav taws", uas ua rau muaj kev ntshai ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.
Nyob rau xyoo pua yim hauv Suav teb, nws tau siv los ua pyrotechnicsib tov, suav nrog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke zoo li cov hmoov phom.
Nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, nws yog ib qho ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm alchemists. Lawv nquag siv cov ntxhia hauv cov tshuaj sulfur hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb. Feem ntau qhov no tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias kev sim nrog nws tau sib npaug nrog kev ua khawv koob, thiab qhov no, tig mus, coj mus rau kev tsim txom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb qub thiab lawv cov thwjtim los ntawm Inquisition. Nws yog los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, los ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab Renaissance, uas cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov hluav taws kub hnyiab, lawv cov pa roj, tau pib cuam tshuam nrog kev ua phem ntawm cov dab phem thiab kev tshwm sim dab ntxwg nyoog.
Properties
Cov pob zeb hauv av muaj leej faj muaj cov kab molecular uas lwm cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws tsis muaj. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias nws muaj tsawg hardness, tsis muaj cleavage, nws yog ib yam khoom uas tsis yooj yim sua. Qhov tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm sulfur yog 2.7 grams ib cubic centimeter. Cov ntxhia muaj cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo thiab thermal conductivity thiab qis melting point. Dawb ignites thaum raug nplaim taws, suav nrog los ntawm kev sib tw, xim ntawm nplaim taws yog xiav. Nws ignites zoo ntawm qhov kub ntawm txog 248 degrees Celsius. Thaum kub hnyiab, nws tawm cov sulfur dioxide, uas muaj qhov ntse, ua pa tsw phem.
Kev piav qhia ntawm cov pob zeb sulfur muaj ntau yam. Nws muaj qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm lub teeb daj, straw, zib ntab, greenish. Hauv sulfur, uas muaj cov organic hauv nws cov qauv, muaj xim av, grey lossis xim dub. Nyob rau hauv daim duab, cov ntxhia sulfur nyob rau hauv ib tug khoom, ntshiab, crystalline daim ntawv yeej ib txwm attracts lub qhov muag thiab yooj yimrecognizable.
Volcanic sulfur yog ci daj, ntsuab, txiv kab ntxwv. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, koj tuaj yeem pom nws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau pawg, ntom, earthy, powdery. Tseem muaj cov crystalline overgrown sulfur crystals nyob rau hauv cov xwm, tab sis kuj tsis tshua muaj.
Sulfur in nature
Natural sulfur hauv nws lub xeev ntshiab yog tsawg. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, nws reserves tseem ceeb heev. Cov no feem ntau yog cov ores, qhov twg cov txheej txheem sulfur muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov ntau.
Txog tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab txog qhov ua rau tshwm sim ntawm sulfur deposits. Qee cov versions yog sib koom ua ke. Noj rau hauv tus account lub fact tias sulfur exhibits tshuaj lom neeg ua hauj lwm siab, nws yog assumed tias thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub crust, nws twb rov khi thiab tso tawm. Yuav ua li cas cov kev tawm tsam no tau tshwm sim tsis tau tsim kom muaj tseeb.
Raws li ib qho ntawm cov qauv, nws tau xav tias leej faj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov leaching ntawm sulfates, uas tau dhau los ua cov khoom pov tseg ntawm tus kheej cov kab mob. Tom qab siv cov ntxhia sib xyaw ua zaub mov.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom txiav txim siab ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov sulfur hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, uas ua rau nws tso tawm thiab tsub zuj zuj. Tab sis tseem tsis tau paub meej txog qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim.
Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm sulfur
Thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tsim tsuas yog hauv XVIII xyoo pua. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm sulfur ntxhia tau ua los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws tshawb fawb Antoine Lavoisier. Yog li, nws pom tias nws crystallizes los ntawm melts, pib noj koob-zoo li tushom. Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv no tsis ruaj khov. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, sulfur recrystallizes, tsim volumetric translucent formations ntawm txiv qaub daj los yog golden hue.
Kev tso nyiaj, sulfur mining
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm sulfur ntxhia ntau lawm yog deposits. Raws li kev suav ntawm geologists, nws ua raws li nws lub ntiaj teb reserves yog txog 1.4 billion tons.
Cov neeg Ancient, nrog rau cov miners ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, mined sulfur los ntawm kev khawb ib lub thawv av nplaum loj mus rau qhov tob. Lwm qhov tau muab tso rau ntawm nws, uas muaj lub qhov nyob hauv qab. Lub thawv sab saud tau ntim nrog pob zeb, uas muaj cov sulfur. Cov qauv no tau ua kom sov. Cov sulfur pib yaj thiab ntws mus rau hauv lub nkoj qis.
Tam sim no, mining yog ua los ntawm qhib qhov mining, nrog rau siv txoj kev smelting los ntawm underground.
Cov nyiaj tso nyiaj loj ntawm leej faj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Eurasia yog nyob rau hauv Turkmenistan, hauv cheeb tsam Volga, thiab lwm qhov chaw. Qhov tseem ceeb deposits nyob rau hauv Russia tau pom nyob rau sab laug ntug dej ntawm lub Volga, uas stretches ntawm Samara mus rau Kazan.
Thaum tsim cov tshuaj sulfur, tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev nyab xeeb. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov ore yog ib txwm nrog cov tsub zuj zuj ntawm hydrogen sulfide, uas yog heev teeb meem rau ua pa. Cov ntxhia nws tus kheej nyiam ignite thiab tsim explosive compounds.
Txoj kev mining feem ntau yog qhib qhov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, sab sauv ntawm cov pob zeb raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv mining. Explosive ua hauj lwm yog nqa tawm crushing lub ore ib feem. Cesfeem ntau raug xa mus rau lub tuam txhab rau cov txheej txheem enrichment, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau smelting nroj tsuag kom tau cov sulfur ntshiab.
Yog cov pob zeb nyob tob thiab nws cov ntim tseem ceeb, txoj kev Frasch yog siv rau kev rho tawm.
Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1890, tus kws ua haujlwm Frasch tau hais kom yaj cov sulfur hauv av, thiab tom qab hloov nws mus rau hauv lub xeev ua kua, tso nws tawm. Cov txheej txheem no yog piv rau cov roj ntau lawm. Muab cov ntsiab lus qis qis ntawm cov leej faj, tus kws ua haujlwm lub tswv yim tau ua tiav kev sim thiab kev lag luam rho tawm ntawm cov pob zeb no tau pib ua qhov no.
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib txoj hauv kev los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau tau pib siv. Lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam kuj ua rau lub melting ntawm sulfur. Kev txhaj tshuaj tom qab ntawm cov cua kub compressed ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom nws nce siab hauv lub xeev ua kua rau saum npoo.
Sulfur muaj nyob rau hauv ntau ntau hauv cov nkev ntuj. Txoj kev Claus yog tsim rau nws cov extraction. Tshwj xeeb sulfur pits yog siv nyob rau hauv uas degassing yog nqa tawm. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov khoom hloov kho nrog cov ntsiab lus sulfur siab.
Daim ntawv thov
Hais txog ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov uas tsim cov sulfur mus rau kev tsim cov sulfuric acid. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntxhia no xav tau rau kev tsim cov roj hmab, tshuaj, ua cov tshuaj fungicides hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Cov pob zeb hauv av kuj tau siv los ua cov qauv tsim nyob rau hauv cov npe nrov sulfur asph alt thiab hloov pauv rau Portland cement - sulfur pob zeb. Actively siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yampyrotechnic compositions, nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ntais ntawv.
Lub luag haujlwm lom neeg
Sulfur yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv biogen. Nws yog ib feem ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb. Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov qauv ntawm cov protein. Hauv cov kab mob photosynthesis, cov ntxhia koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox ntawm lub cev thiab yog lub zog. Hauv tib neeg lub cev, muaj li ntawm ob grams ntawm sulfur ib kilogram ntawm qhov hnyav.
Sulfur nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab tsis yog ib qho tshuaj lom, tsis zoo li cov pa tsis haum, uas suav nrog sulfur dioxide, sulfuric anhydride, hydrogen sulfide, thiab lwm yam.
Nplaim khoom
Sulfur yog cov ntxhia hluav taws kub. Nws cov seem hauv av zoo muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ua ke nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm noo noo, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm kev sib cuag nrog oxidizing neeg ua hauj lwm, thiab kuj thaum tsim mixs nrog thee, rog, roj. Tshem tawm cov sulfur nrog dej txau thiab cua tshuab ua npuas ncauj.
