Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, koj yuav tsum tau txhim kho tas li, kawm ib yam tshiab, koj tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug. Txawm li cas los xij, yog vim li cas tsis paub, ntau tus nkag siab txog kev txhim kho tsuas yog ua raws li iPhone qauv, paub txog kev tawm tswv yim thiab kev sib raug zoo uas twb muaj lawm, saib cov yeeb yaj kiab (feem ntau, tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kiag li) lossis kawm tsuas yog qee cov ntsiab lus. Tsis tshua muaj ntau tus kws tshuaj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias sulfuric ether yog dab tsi. Los yog tham txog nws cov khoom. Thiab leej twg paub qhov twg cov tshuaj no siv? Vim li cas sulfuric ether hu ua li ntawd? Hmoov tsis zoo, tsuas yog ob peb tus tuaj yeem teb tag nrho cov lus nug no. Dab tsi yog ether? Cov mis, cov khoom thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm sulfuric ether yog dab tsi?
Chav tsev ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua "Ether"
Thaum pib, txhua chav kawm ntawm cov khoom sib txuas nrog ethers tau hu ua ethers, tsis muaj kev faib ua peb pawg uas muaj nyob niaj hnub no:
- Ethers yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw uas muaj oxygen ntawm ob lub hydrocarbon radicals, uas yog, ob qho tib si radicals muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog tib cov pa. nto moo tshaj plawsethyl ester yog tus sawv cev ntawm chav kawm no.
- Esters - qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm carboxylic thiab mineral acids (lub thiaj li hu ua hydroxy acids), uas nyob rau hauv lub molecule es tsis txhob ntawm cov hydroxyl pab pawg neeg (-OH) acidic muaj nuj nqi muaj ib tug cawv residue.. Tau kawg, lub ntsiab lus yog complex thiab incomprehensible, cov qauv ntawm cov tebchaw yog R-C (=O)-R '. Cov neeg sawv cev yog ethyl acetate, butyl butyrate, benzyl formate.
- Polyesters yog ib chav kawm ntawm macromolecular compounds. Lawv tau txais los ntawm polycondensation ntawm polybasic acids, uas yog, lawv muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj hydrogen atoms. Piv txwv li, hydrochloric acid - HCl - monobasic acid, nitric acid - HNO3 - ib yam nkaus. Tab sis sulfuric - H2SO4 - thiab phosphoric - H3PO 4 - polybasic (sulphuric - dibasic, phosphoric - peb), zoo li lawv cov aldehydes nrog polyhydric alcohols (cov cawv no muaj ob lossis ntau dua hydroxyl -OH pawg).
Sulfuric ether yog dab tsi?
Nws tsis paub meej tias qhov twg, thaum twg, ua li cas thiab los ntawm leej twg diethyl ether thawj zaug tau txais. Thiab ua li cas txog cov khoom no? Yog, nws tsuas yog tias sulfuric ether muaj ntau lub npe, suav nrog ethyl ether. Ethoxyethane (lwm lub npe) yog ib qho yooj yim ether, lub molecule uas muaj ob pawg ethyl (-С2Н5) thiab oxygen, nrog uas ob qho tib si radicals (ethyl pawg) txuas. Nws tsis paub meej tias thaum twg thiab los ntawm leej twg nws tau txais thawj zaug - muaj ob peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem no. Muaj cov lus qhia tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua cuaj, Jabir ibn Hayyan yog thawj tus tau txais diethyl ether. Tab sisNws kuj tseem muaj peev xwm hais tias nws tsis yog txog 1275 tias Catalan cov tub txib Raymond Lull tuaj yeem ua tus pioneer hauv kev sib txuas ntawm ethoxyethane. Cov tshuaj belongs rau aliphatic ethers (uas yog, nws tsis muaj aromatic bonds).
Txoj kev tau txais
Lub npe ntawm sulfuric ether yog ze ze rau txoj kev tau txais, uas tau paub zoo nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Peb tab tom tham txog distillation ntawm ethyl cawv thiab sulfuric acid. Tab sis lub npe tau muab rau cov khoom no, ntau precisely, nws yog hu ua ether, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1729. Txog rau tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau lub npe xws li "sweet vitriol oil" (thaum ntxov sulfuric acid hu ua vitriol oil).
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog tib txoj hauv kev rau kev sib txuas ntawm diethyl ether. Nws tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov khoom lag luam los ntawm hydration ntawm ethylene hauv sulfuric lossis phosphoric acid. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm diethyl ether yog tsim nyob rau theem ntawm hydrolysis ntawm sulfates. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm sulfur ether yog raws li nram no: (C2H5)2O. Lub npe systematic (raws li thoob ntiaj teb SI system) yog 1, 1-hydroxy-bis-ethane. Cov mis mos tag nrho ntawm cov khoom yog С 4 Н 10O.
Lub cev muaj zog
Sulfur ether yog cov kua uas tsis muaj zog heev uas yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Nws tsis muaj xim, nws yog pob tshab kiag li. Cov kua no muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb thiab muaj qhov kub hnyiab heev. Diethyl ether decomposes nyob rau hauv lub teeb, noo noo, huab cua. Thaum rhuab, nws kuj decomposes, raws li zoo raws li los ntawm cov saum toj no yam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws cov decomposition, cov tshuaj lom heev yog tsim,uas ua rau lub ntsws ua pa.
Ethyl ether yog cov kua hluav taws xob, nws cov vapors tsim cov khoom tawg nrog cua thiab oxygen. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog dej, nws tsim cov azeotropic sib tov.
Sulfur ether: tshuaj muaj zog
Rau diethyl ether, ua tus sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm ethers, cov khoom ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw no yog cov yam ntxwv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm decomposition, nws tsim aldehydes, peroxides, ketones. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov acids muaj zog, nws tsim cov ntsev oxonium, uas yog cov tshuaj tsis ruaj khov heev. Nrog Lewis acids (cov tshuaj sib txuas uas yog electron khub lees txais), ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws tsim cov tebchaw ruaj khov. Miscible nrog ethyl cawv, benzene nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio.
Daim ntawv thov ntawm ethoxyethane
Muaj ob qhov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm ethyl ester: tshuaj (pharmacology) thiab thev naus laus zis. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev, diethyl ether yog ib qho tshuaj loog, uas yog, nws yog siv los ua tshuaj loog, tshuaj loog. Thaum lub sijhawm npaj ua haujlwm rau kev txhaws (kev kho hniav), "qhov" hauv cov hniav los ntawm caries thiab hauv paus kwj dej yog siv hauv zos. Cov kws phais, ntawm qhov tod tes, siv ethoxyethane ua ib qho tshuaj loog: tus neeg mob nqus cov pa ether vapors, vim tias lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb yog "immobilized". Cov nyhuv no hnav tawm tag nrho.
Pom kev siv rau leej fajether thiab ua kuab tshuaj. Peb tab tom tham txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev thov. Nws kuj tseem siv tau los ua lub tshuab ua kom txias, feem ntau tsawg dua ua cov tub yees. Nws yog siv los ua ib qho ntawm cov roj Cheebtsam hauv cov qauv dav hlau tshuab ntawm compression hom.
Alkylsulfuric acids (sulfuric acid esters)
Alkylsulfuric acids yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm esters ntawm inorganic acids (mineral), uas tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Sulfuric acid ester, cov mis ntau rau cov tebchaw, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ib lub ntsiab lus nthuav dav rau kev sib tham. Yog li, cov qauv dav dav ntawm alkylsulfuric acids yog raws li nram no: R-CH2-O-SO2-OH. Cov tshuaj no yooj yim heev kom tau txais - lawv tau yooj yim tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm sulfuric acid nrog cawv. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, dej kuj raug tso tawm. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov chav kawm no yog cov esters ntawm methyl (methylsulfuric acid) thiab ethyl (ethylsulfuric acid) alcohols.
Cov Lus Qhia
Yog li, sulfuric ether yog aliphatic ether, uas yog cov kua ntshiab, tsis muaj xim nrog cov ntxhiab tsw thiab kub hnyiab. Nws tau txais los ntawm ethyl cawv thaum nws raug rau cov kua qaub (tshwj xeeb yog sulfuric). Siv hauv tshuaj thiab thev naus laus zis.
