Qee yam tshuaj, koom nrog tshuaj lom neeg, muaj peev xwm ua kom pom lub teeb. Txhua tus amateur chemist tsawg kawg ib zaug ua kua luminous. Kab lus no yuav tham txog dab tsi luminol yog dab tsi, yuav ua li cas npaj nws tom tsev.
Chemiluminescence yog dab tsi?
Ntau qhov kev tshwm sim hauv chemistry pib nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov kev sim, lub zog yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub. Thaum alkalis thiab acids sib cuam tshuam, cov kev daws teeb meem kub. Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum lub zog tuaj yeem pom nws tus kheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no (kev sim nrog galvanic cells). Thaum reactants hlawv, lub zog hloov mus rau hauv tshav kub thiab lub teeb.
Tab sis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas lub teeb tawm, tab sis tsis pom qhov ntsuas kub nce ntxiv. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua chemiluminescence. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov txias txias ntawm phosphorus. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog kev tso tawm ntawm "lub teeb txias" cov organic tebchaw yog oxidized. Cov tshuaj oxidizing feem ntau yog cov pa oxygen lossis hydrogen peroxide.
Muaj ntau yam hauv cov xwm txheej uas tuaj yeem tso lub teeb. Tab sis feem ntauLub ci tsis muaj zog thiab tsuas tuaj yeem tshawb pom siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb.
Ib pawg me me ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw muaj peev xwm ua kom ci thiab zoo nkauj chemiluminescence. Piv txwv li: luminol, siloxene, lofin, lucegenin thiab diphenyl oxalate.
YLuminol yog dab tsi?
Luminol tau tsim tawm hauv Tebchaws Yelemees xyoo 1902, tab sis tau txais nws lub npe tiag tom qab. Nws yog dawb los yog lub teeb daj crystals, yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv polar organic solvents. Luminol yog insoluble tag nrho hauv dej.
Qhov no yog cov organic uas muaj peev xwm ntawm lub teeb ci thaum ua ke nrog hydrogen peroxide lossis lwm yam oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab me ntsis acidic kua, thaum illuminated nrog ultraviolet lub teeb, nws fluoresces nrog lub teeb xiav. Hauv cov tshuaj alkaline (hydrogen peroxide), qhov twg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts - phosphorus tebchaw, hlau ntsev, hemin thiab hemoglobin - lub glow yog ntau saturated thiab ci.
txheej txheem muaj 2 theem. Cov kua qaub yog rhuab nrog hydrazine nyob rau hauv lub siab boiling point organic hnyav (3-ethylene glycol). Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm condensation, heterocyclic system ntawm 5-nitrophthalylhydrazide tau txais. Qhov kev sib xyaw no yog txo nrog ammonium sulfide, uas ua rau tsim luminol. Nrog koj tus kheej tes, koj tuaj yeem tau txais nws hauv chav kuaj los ntawm kev sib txuas los ntawm 3-nitro-phthalic acid.
luminol siv qhov twg
Cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug reacts zoo kawg li nrog hlau, uas yog ib feem ntawm hemoglobin ntawm cov ntshav. Yog li ntawd, nws yog dav siv los ntawm forensic kws txawj nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam cov kab mob ntawm cov ntshav thiab cov ntiv tes sab laug ntawm qhov chaw ua txhaum cai. Luminol yog siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb lom neeg los tshawb xyuas cov hlau, tooj liab thiab cyanide.
Qhov twg yuav luminol tov
Tus nqi ntawm luminol yog qhov siab heev. Koj tuaj yeem tshawb nrhiav nws ntawm cov rooj sib tham tshuaj, tshwj xeeb databases lossis hauv khw muag tshuaj. Yog tias koj tsis paub qhov twg yuav tau txais luminol, koj tuaj yeem yuav nws ntawm Galavit lub tsev muag tshuaj, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj, ampoules thiab suppositories. Cov ntsiav tshuaj muaj 25 mg ntawm luminol sodium ntsev. Rau 50 ml ntawm 1% tov, 20 ntsiav tshuaj (pob) yuav tsum tau. Cov ntsiav tshuaj yog crushed rau hauv hmoov, thiab ces ntxiv dej rau nws.
Glowing kua nrog hydrogen peroxide
Muaj cov zaub mov ua kua luminous los ntawm txhais tau tias improvised. Tab sis rau kev npaj cov tshuaj, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv luminol, vim hais tias nws muab ib tug txawm thiab mos bluish lub teeb. Ua ntej pib ua haujlwm, nco ntsoov tiv thaiv qhov chaw ntawm lub cev nrog daim ntaub tuab, thiab muab hnab looj tes rau ntawm koj txhais tes.
Cia npaj luminol hauv tsev raws li daim ntawv qhia classic (thawj):
- Luminol - 2-3 grams.
- Dej - 0.1 litres.
- Hydrogen peroxide tov (3%) - 0.08 litres.
- Caustic sodium - 0.01 litres.
- Copper vitriol - 3grams.
- Dyes (taws, ci ntsuab lossis lwm yam).
- iav (flasks lossis jars).
txheej txheem ua noj:
- Ncuav dej rau hauv lub khob ntim thiab ntxiv luminol. Ua tib zoo sib tov cov crystals hauv dej kom lawv yaj ntau li ntau tau hauv nws.
- Ntxiv hydrogen peroxide rau qhov kev daws teeb meem.
- Ntxiv tooj liab sulfate rau qhov tshwm sim muaj pes tsawg leeg. Koj tuaj yeem hloov vitriol nrog ferric chloride lossis ntshav ntsev.
- Qhov kawg peb ntxiv rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog sodium hydroxide.
- Tig lub teeb hauv chav. Lub resulting muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum emit ib tug kaj xiav glow. Yog xav tau cov xim txawv, ces ntxiv cov xim fluorescent uas xav tau rau cov tshuaj.
qhov kev xaiv thib ob:
- Luminol tov (3%) - 5 ml.
- YHydroperite (3%) - 10 ml.
- Lub Tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws - 20 ml.
- YPotassium permanganate.
- Txhua lub khob los yog lub thawv.
Cov kauj ruam ua haujlwm:
- Pho cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm luminol, ntxuav hmoov thiab hydrogen peroxide rau hauv lub thawv.
- Maj mam zom ob peb lub pob zeb ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate thiab ntxiv rau tag nrho cov khoom xyaw.
- Kom pom tias luminol yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas nws yuav ua kom pom nws cov khoom, tua lub teeb hauv chav. Cov kua yuav emit ib tug zoo nkauj ci. Yog hais tias cov tshuaj yog stirred ib ntus, ib tug sparkling npuas yuav tshwm rau ntawm nws nto.
Npaj cov tshuaj nrog dimethyl sulfoxide
Ib qho kev xaiv nthuav ntxiv yuav yogoxidation ntawm luminol nrog atmospheric oxygen nyob rau hauv ib tug dimexide nruab nrab. Glow tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm huab cua thiab dej.
Txhawm rau npaj cov khoom peb xav tau:
- Luminol - 0.15 grams.
- Dimexide (dimethyl sulfoxide) - 30 ml.
- Qub alkali - 35 grams.
- Txhua yam xim fluorescent.
- Tall iavware.
kauj ruam:
- Ua kom zoo sib xyaw dimexide, luminol thiab alkali hauv lub khob.
- Kaw lub khob kom nruj nrog lub hau.
- Tu taws teeb hauv chav.
- Caw lub khob me ntsis kom txog thaum tau txais lub ntsej muag xiav. Txhawm rau hloov xim, ntxiv cov xim fluorescent.
- Yog tias lub teeb poob nws qhov ci, ces koj tuaj yeem qhib lub thawv. Thaum huab cua nkag mus rau hauv lub khob, cov tshuaj yuav ci thiab saturated dua.
Qhia ua noj
Nws tsis pom zoo kom ntxiv alkali ntau rau hauv cov tshuaj, vim tias nws dissolves tsis zoo thiab hloov cov kua rau hauv cov porridge tuab. Kev ncua ntawm luminol, dimexide thiab alkali tuaj yeem khaws cia ntev heev. Thaum tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing ntxiv, lub ci yuav zoo ib yam. Nws lub sijhawm yog nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm hydroperite thiab luminol thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 40 feeb. Tab sis los ntawm ntau tshaj ntawm luminol, lub ci yuav qaug zog.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov ci thiab lub sijhawm ntawm lub ci kuj tseem nyob ntawm qhov concentration ntawm luminol. Cov tshuaj dilute siab heev muab lub zog tsis muaj zog tab sis ntev ntev glow. Ib tug loj concentration ntawm ib yam khoom tsim ib tug muaj zog brightness ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj. Cov xim ci tuaj yeem hloov ntawm xiav mus rau ntsuab. Hauv ntausaturated compounds uas muaj siab concentration ntawm cov ntshav ntsev, ib tug ntsuab glow yog tau.
Kuv puas tuaj yeem hloov Luminol?
Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum tsim nyog los npaj cov kua luminous yam tsis muaj luminol. Ua li no, noj boric acid thiab ob peb tee ntawm fluorescein. Cov tshuaj no yuav tsum tau muab sib xyaw thiab ua kom sov rau ntawm lub phaj hlau. Cov kua yuav ci hauv qhov tsaus ntuj li ib feeb.
kom nkag siab tias luminol yog dab tsi, nws yog qhov zoo dua los sim kom tau nws tus kheej. Raws li cov lus hais mus, nws zoo dua los pom ib zaug dua li hnov ib puas zaus. Tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab tias txhua qhov kev sim cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj caustic thiab teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog kev nyab xeeb.
