Cov pa tawm hauv qab ntawm cov dej hauv qab yog cov pa roj av uas muaj ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab (lwm lub npe dav dav yog methane). Kev tshawb fawb, nws yog formene, los yog methyl hydrogen. Feem ntau nws muaj methane (CH4). Nws kuj tseem muaj nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, phosphine thiab carbon dioxide.
Key Features
qauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, tshuaj formula ntawm swamp gas - tag nrho cov no qhia meej meej tias nws koom nrog cov yooj yim carbon compounds. Lwm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke nyob ib ncig ntawm lub caij no. Marsh gas muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev raws li ib tug sib tov nrog carbon dioxide los yog nitrogen. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm decomposition ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog cov nroj tsuag uas nyob hauv dej thiab tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau huab cua.
Coal mines yog lwm qhov chaw uas muaj cov pa roj combustible. Nws accumulates ntawm cov pob zeb tom qab decomposition ntawm cov organic residues. Ntau qhov voids ua rau qhov no. Cov pa roj zoo li no khiav tawm thaum lub qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim.
Qhov chaw kawm
Txawm hais tias nws lub npe tsis meej, cov roj av (lossis, methane) kuj tau tawm los ntawmntiaj teb tawg ze ntawm cov roj av. Thawj cov xwm txheej zoo li no tau sau tseg hauv Tebchaws Meskas ntawm ntug dej ntawm Allegheny River, nrog rau Russia hauv thaj av Caspian. Hauv Baku, vim li no, muaj cov lus dab neeg hais txog qhov hluav taws kub tsis zoo ntawm Baku txij thaum ub. Qhov tshwm sim ntuj tsim tawm los sib xyaw nrog cov pa roj carbon dioxide, nitrogen thiab roj vapors, cov pa roj av.
Nrog kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis, tib neeg tau kawm paub siv cov methane tso tawm. Thawj cov nroj tsuag tau tshwm sim hauv Pennsylvania. Swamp gas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws tau tsim tas li, nws tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv txhua qhov swamp lossis pas dej. Feem ntau, nws yog txaus los kov cov av nrog ib tug pas. Tom qab ntawd, cov pa roj npuas ntab mus rau saum npoo dej.
Swamp gas base
Cov kab mob pab tsim lub ntsiab ntawm cov pa roj (methane). Vim yog lawv, fermentation ntawm cov nroj tsuag fiber ntau pib, pab txhawb rau cov tsos ntawm methane. Lub purest methane ntseeg tau tias yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov av nkos volcanoes ntawm Apsheron thiab Kerch Peninsulas.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tshwm sim hauv cov ntsev deposits, springs thiab fumaroles - qhov thiab kab nrib pleb nyob rau ntawm ko taw ntawm volcanoes. Methane muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg txoj hnyuv. Nws muaj cov khoom exhalation ntawm qee cov tsiaj. Ib qho ntawm thawj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog cov ntawv sau ntawm tus kws sau ntawv qub Pliny, uas tau hais txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas.
Explosiveness
Ntau tshaj tag nrho cov pa roj avpaub txog nws cov khoom puas tsuaj. Thaum ignited nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov nrog huab cua, nws ua rau tawg. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog cov khoom ntawm methane. Kev tawg ntawm marsh gas thiab cov sib txuas zoo sib xws rau lub sijhawm ntev txaus ntshai cov neeg uas piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim nrog kev ntseeg dab tsi. Cov laj thawj rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tau pom tseeb tsuas yog tom qab kev tshawb fawb txog qhov tshwm sim no.
Marsh gas, methane thiab lwm yam khoom tawg tau ua rau tib neeg tsim lub teeb Davy. Nws pib siv ob qho tib si hauv swamps thiab hauv cov mines thee. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb no, combustion khoom raug tshem tawm siv ib tug tshwj xeeb daim phiaj, ua tsaug rau qhov uas muaj peev xwm ntawm ignition ntawm ib tug combustible gas sib tov raug tshem tawm.
Discovery keeb kwm
Tus kws tshawb fawb Italian Allesandro Volta tau ua haujlwm zoo rau kev kawm txog cov pa roj (methane). Xyoo 1776, nws tau ua pov thawj tias cov khoom no txawv ntawm hydrogen, vim nws xav tau ob zaug ntau dua oxygen los hlawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog Volta uas tau txiav txim siab tias cov pa nkev yog ib qhov chaw ntawm carbonic acid.
Ib tug Italian nrhiav pom methane ntawm ciam teb ntawm Switzerland thiab Ltalis ze Lake Maggiore. Kev tshoov siab rau tus kws tshawb fawb yog ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm American kws tshawb fawb thiab cov nom tswv Benjamin Franklin txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm "combustible air". Volta yog thawj tus tau txais methane los ntawm kev sau cov pa tawm los ntawm dej ntws.
Kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv
Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim yog Fab Kis kws tshuaj Claude Berthollet thiab British chemist William Henry. Qhov kawg ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv 1805, txiav txim siab qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm swamp gas thiab txawv nws los ntawm ethylene (yog li ntawd.hu ua oil gas).
Qhov zais cia ntawm qhov tawg tau muab zais rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb - methane. Nws tau raug txhais tias yog lub teeb hydrocarbon roj (raws li qhov hnyav hydrocarbon gas ethylene). Thaum lub sij hawm, lwm lub sij hawm tau tsim - methyl hydrogen. Henry txoj kev tshawb fawb tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm John D alton thiab Jens Jakob Berzelius.
Nyob rau xyoo 1813, Askiv chemist thiab geologist Humphrey Davy soj ntsuam firedamp thiab xaus lus tias cov tshuaj no yog ib tug sib tov ntawm methane, carbonic anhydride thiab nitrogen. Yog li nws tau ua pov thawj tias cov sib tov sib xyaw uas tso rau hauv cov mines yog zoo ib yam rau cov sib xyaw zoo sib xws hauv cov swamps.
Ecological cuam tshuam
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov pa roj av, methane tshwm sim los ntawm qee yam tshuaj lom neeg. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog qhuav distillation ntawm cov organic teeb meem (piv txwv li, peat los yog ntoo). Chemically ntshiab methane yog tau los ntawm decomposition ntawm zinc methyl nrog dej (zinc oxide yog tsim). Niaj hnub no, cov khoom no attracts cov xim ntawm ntau environmentalists vim hais tias ntawm nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm lub tsev cog khoom nyhuv. Qhov no yog vim lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm methane nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua. Swamp gas absorbs thermal tawg nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam infrared ntawm lub spectrum. Hauv qhov ntsuas no, nws tsuas yog thib ob rau cov pa roj carbon dioxide ntshiab xwb. Ecologists kwv yees qhov kev koom tes ntawm methane rau kev txhim kho lub tsev cog qoob loo ntawm kwv yees li 30%.
Cov khoom, muaj pes tsawg leeg, tshuaj formula ntawm marsh gas tau kawm niaj hnub no raws li ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws lub zog ntawm cov huab cua ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv natural quantities tsim los ntawm xwm nws tus kheej, nws tsis yogtxaus ntshai ua rau lub tsev cog khoom nyhuv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem yog tias muaj ntau cov methane nkag mus rau hauv huab cua los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm tib neeg lawv tus kheej. Ib qho analogue ntawm swamp gas yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau lub lag luam. Qhov no yog qhov hu ua abiogenic methane. Ib qho uas tshwm sim hauv swamps yog suav tias yog biogenic - uas yog, tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov organic teeb meem.
Methanogenesis
Lub biosynthesis ntawm methane (thiab yog li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pa nkev) kuj hu ua methanogenesis. Cov kab mob Archaeal koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem no. Lawv yog aerobic, uas yog, lawv tuaj yeem tau txais lub zog rau lub neej yam tsis muaj oxygen. Archaea tsis muaj membrane organelles thiab ib tug nucleus.
Cov kab mob tsim cov methane los ntawm kev txo cov pa roj carbon monoxide nrog cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab ib-carbon compounds. Lwm txoj hauv kev yog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm acetate. Lub zog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob yog hloov los ntawm ATP synthase enzymes. Ntau yam molecules koom nrog hauv methanogenesis: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetrahydromethanopterin, thiab lwm yam.
YMethanogens
Kev tshawb fawb paub txog 17 genera thiab 50 hom archaea muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub hauv paus ntawm cov pa roj av. Lawv tsim primitive multicellular colonies. Qhov feem ntau kawm genome ntawm xws li archaea yog Methanosarcina acetivorans. Lawv hloov carbon monoxide rau acetates thiab methane siv cov enzymes acetate kinase thiab phosphotransacetylase. Tseem muaj ib txoj kev xav hais tias cov archaea nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm yuav hloov mus rau hauv thioether, muab hais tias muaj ib tug siab.hlau sulfide concentration.
Vim hav zoov hluav taws
Nrog cov emissions txaus thiab concentration, swamp gas, ignited, yuav ua rau ib tug loj ntuj peat thiab hav zoov hluav taws. Niaj hnub no, muaj tag nrho cov complex ntawm combating xws phenomena. Cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm saib xyuas cov pa roj ntawm thaj chaw swampy tshaj plaws. Lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tswj kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom siv roj uas muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai.
Piv txwv li, ib qho ntawm cov swampy tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam Moscow yog thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm Shatursky. Nyob rau hauv nws cov reservoirs muaj ntau ntses (crucians, perches, gobies, carps, pikes, carp), newts, qav, nab, muskrats, noog (herons, bitterns, waders, ducks). Cov pob txha ntawm tag nrho cov tsiaj no muaj phosphorus. Nws yog ua tiav los ntawm cov kab mob, tom qab uas ob peb lwm yam tshuaj tshwm sim. Cov no yog diphosphine thiab phosphine. Lawv yog cov pib tseem ceeb ntawm cov saw hlau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm spontaneous combustion. Qhov hluav taws kub pib ua li no yog ib qho teeb meem loj rau ib puag ncig. Los ntawm hluav taws kub hauv swamps, tsis tsuas yog hav zoov, tab sis kuj peat bogs hlawv. Qhov hluav taws kub hnyiab tau tob rau hauv lawv. Xws li peatlands tuaj yeem hlawv tau ntau xyoo.
Kwv yees li ob feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov swamps nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog concentrated nyob rau hauv Russia. Lawv pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws, Western Siberia thiab Kamchatka. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm swamps nyob rau hauv Russia yog hais txog 340 lab hectares, 210 ntawm uas yog them nrog hav zoov cover. Feem ntau ntawm cov roj yog tsim nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov. Thaum lub sijhawm zoo li no, kwv yees li ob thiab ib nrab kilograms ntawm methane tuaj yeem tso tawm ib hnub ntawm thaj tsam ntawm ib hectare.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog oxygen thiab chlorine
Natural marsh gas, uas nws cov tshuaj formula yog CH 4, kub hnyiab nrog cov nplaim taws tsw qab. Lub zog tawg nrog nws tshwm sim thaum ignited nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov uas muaj 7-8 ntim ntawm huab cua thiab 2 ntim ntawm oxygen. Cov roj yog me ntsis soluble hauv dej (tsis zoo li cawv). Nws tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog halogens.
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj chlorine, cov pa roj av tsim methyl chloride CH3Cl. Cov tshuaj no tau txais hauv chav kuaj. Ua li no, cov roj hydrochloric tau dhau mus rau hauv cov dej kub npau npau ntawm methyl cawv thiab molten zinc chloride. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov roj tsis muaj xim uas muaj cov ntxhiab tsw qab ntxiag ethereal nrog lub suab qab zib. Nyob rau hauv lub siab muaj zog los yog txias, nws thickens rau hauv cov kua.
Siv thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog halogens
Methane (marsh gas), cov qauv thiab siv cov roj uas tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog halogens. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv nrog cov tshuaj no, cov tshuaj hauv qab no tau tsim: bromide, chloride, fluoride thiab methylene fluoride. Qhov kawg ntawm lawv yog thawj zaug tau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab chemist Alexander Butlerov. Methylene iodide yog cov kua dej uas muaj xim daj heev. Nws qhov kub kub yog 180 ° C.
Lub npe ntawm cov pa roj av yog dab tsi, hloov tag nrho los ntawm halogens? Qhov no yog carbon tetrachloride. Nws tau pom los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws chemist Henri Regnault hauv xyoo 1839. Nws yog cov kua uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntsim tsw. Nws muaj cov nyhuv tshuaj loog. Lwm yam khoom zoo sib xwscarbon tetrabromide. Nws yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov tshauv ntawm marine nroj tsuag.
He alth hazard
Swamp methane nws tus kheej yog lub cev tsis muaj mob. Nws belongs rau non-toxic paraffinic hydrocarbons. Cov pab pawg no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj inertness thiab tsis zoo solubility nyob rau hauv cov ntshav plasma. Huab cua nrog cov pa roj ntau ntau tuaj yeem tua tib neeg yog tias nws tsis muaj oxygen.
Cov cim qhia ntawm kev ua pa (asphyxia) tshwm sim thaum cov ntsiab lus methane yog los ntawm 30%. Hauv qhov no, qhov ntim ntawm kev ua pa nce, lub plawv dhia nrawm, kev sib koom tes ntawm cov leeg nqaij cuam tshuam. Tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo li no tsawg heev. Qhov tseeb yog tias methane yog sib zog tshaj huab cua, uas tiv thaiv nws los ntawm tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv ntau proportions.
Tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb sib npaug cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov pa roj av ntawm tib neeg lub siab rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm diethyl ether. Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tuaj yeem sib npaug rau cov tshuaj narcotic. Hauv cov neeg uas tau ua haujlwm hauv cov mines uas muaj cov tshuaj methane ntev ntev, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub paj hlwb (hypotension, zoo oculocardial reflex, thiab lwm yam) tuaj yeem taug qab.
