Ethanol - dab tsi yog cov khoom no? Dab tsi yog nws siv thiab nws tsim li cas? Ethanol paub zoo dua rau txhua tus hauv lub npe txawv - cawv. Tau kawg, qhov no tsis yog qhov kev xaiv raug. Tab sis lub caij no, nws yog nyob rau hauv lo lus "cawv" uas peb txhais tau tias "ethanol". Txawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv paub txog nws lub neej. Lawv tau txais los ntawm txoj kev fermentation. Ntau yam khoom siv los ntawm cereals mus rau berries. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim Braga, uas yog dab tsi haus cawv hu ua nyob rau hauv lub qub hnub, tus nqi ntawm ethanol tsis tshaj 15 feem pua. Cov cawv ntshiab tuaj yeem raug cais tawm tsuas yog tom qab lawv kawm cov txheej txheem ntawm distillation.
Ethanol - yog dab tsi?
Ethanol yog ib hom cawv monohydric. Raws li ib txwm muaj, nws yog volatile, tsis muaj kob, flammable kua nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw thiab saj. Ethanol tau pom dav siv hauv kev lag luam, tshuaj thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Nws yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab mob zoo heev. Cawv yog siv los ua roj thiab ua kuab tshuaj. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, cov mis ntawm ethanol C2H5OH paub rau lovers ntawm cawv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no uas cov tshuaj no tau pom dav daim ntawv thov. Tab sis tsis yogNws yog ib qho tsim nyog tsis nco qab tias cawv ua ib qho khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej cawv yog ib qho kev nyuaj siab heev. Cov tshuaj psychoactive no muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb thiab muaj kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj.
Tam sim no nws nyuaj rau nrhiav kev lag luam uas tsis siv ethanol. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau sau txhua yam uas cawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, nws cov khoom tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv cov tshuaj. Ethanol yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj tinctures. Ntau "niam tais zaub mov" rau kev kho mob ntawm tib neeg cov kab mob yog raws li cov khoom no. Nws rub tag nrho cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, accumulating lawv. Cov cuab yeej ntawm cawv no tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj ntsuab hauv tsev thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tinctures. Thiab txawm hais tias lawv yog cov dej cawv, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv.
txiaj ntsig ntawm ethanol
Cov mis ethanol paub rau txhua tus txij thaum kawm chemistry hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis ntawm no yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj no, tsis yog txhua tus yuav teb tam sim ntawd. Qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev xav txog kev lag luam uas cawv yuav tsis siv. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ethanol yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib tug haib tshuaj tua kab mob. Lawv kho qhov chaw khiav hauj lwm thiab qhov txhab. Cawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau yuav luag txhua pawg ntawm cov kab mob. Tab sis ethanol tsis yog siv hauv kev phais xwb. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tinctures.
Hauv koob me me, cawv yog qhov zoo rau tib neeg lub cev. Nws pab txo cov ntshav, txhim kho cov ntshav ncig thiab nthuav cov hlab ntsha. Nws txawm sivrau kev tiv thaiv kab mob plawv. Ethanol pab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab zom mov. Tab sis tsuas yog noj me me xwb.
Hauv qhov tshwj xeeb, cov nyhuv psychotropic ntawm cawv tuaj yeem poob qhov mob hnyav tshaj plaws. Ethanol tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv cosmetology. Vim nws cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob, nws muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua cov tshuaj ntxuav kom huv rau cov tawv nqaij uas muaj teeb meem thiab oily.
YEthanol Harm
Ethanol yog cawv ua los ntawm fermentation. Nrog rau kev siv ntau dhau, nws tuaj yeem ua rau mob toxicological lom thiab txawm tias coma. Cov tshuaj no yog ib feem ntawm cov dej cawv. Cawv ua rau muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab lub cev. Alcoholism yog suav tias yog ib yam kab mob. Qhov teeb meem ntawm ethanol tam sim ntawd cuam tshuam nrog scenes ntawm kev qaug cawv qaug cawv. Kev noj ntau dhau ntawm cov dej qab zib uas muaj cawv ua rau tsis yog rau zaub mov lom. Txhua yam yog ntau nyuaj. Nrog rau kev haus cawv ntau zaus, yuav luag tag nrho cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev raug cuam tshuam. Los ntawm oxygen tshaib plab, uas ua rau ethanol, hlwb hlwb tuag coob. Muaj ib tug degradation ntawm tus cwj pwm. Thaum ntxov, nco tsis muaj zog. Tom qab ntawd ib tug neeg tsim cov kab mob ntawm lub raum, siab, hnyuv, plab, hlab ntsha thiab lub plawv. Hauv cov txiv neej, muaj qhov poob ntawm potency. Nyob rau theem kawg ntawm kev haus dej cawv, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hlwb raug nthuav tawm.
History of cawv
Ethanol - cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi thiab nws tau txais li cas? Tsis yog txhua tus paub tias nws tau siv txij li lub sijhawm prehistoric. Nwssuav nrog hauv cov dej cawv. Muaj tseeb, nws cov concentration yog me me. Tab sis lub sijhawm no, cov kab dej cawv tau pom nyob hauv Suav teb ntawm 9,000-xyoo-laus lauj kaub tais diav. Qhov no qhia meej tias cov neeg nyob rau hauv Neolithic era tau haus dej cawv.
Thawj kis ntawm kev haus cawv tau sau tseg nyob rau xyoo pua 12th hauv Salerno. Muaj tseeb, nws yog dej-cawv sib tov. Ntshiab ethanol raug cais los ntawm Johann Tobias Lovitz hauv 1796. Nws siv txoj kev activated carbon filtration. Tau ntev, kev tsim cov ethanol los ntawm txoj kev no tseem yog tib txoj kev. Cov mis rau cawv yog xam los ntawm Nicolo-Théodore de Saussure, thiab tau piav qhia tias yog carbon compound los ntawm Antoine Lavoisier. Nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab 20th, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog ethanol. Tag nrho nws cov khoom tau raug kawm. Tam sim no, nws tau dhau los ua dav thiab siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg.
Kev tsim cov ethanol los ntawm cawv fermentation
Tej zaum txoj kev nto moo tshaj plaws los tsim ethanol yog cawv fermentation. Nws yog qhov ua tau tsuas yog thaum siv cov khoom lag luam organic uas muaj cov carbohydrates ntau, xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv apples, berries. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm fermentation mus txuas ntxiv yog muaj cov poov xab, enzymes thiab cov kab mob. Kev ua cov qos yaj ywm, pob kws, nplej zoo ib yam. Txhawm rau kom tau txais roj cawv, cov suab thaj nyoos yog siv, uas yog tsim los ntawm cane. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog heev complex. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm fermentation, ib qho kev daws yog tau txais uas tsis muaj ntau tshaj 16% ethanol. Qhov siab dua tsis tuaj yeem tau txais. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias ntau duasaturated daws, poov xab tsis muaj peev xwm ciaj sia. Yog li, qhov tshwm sim ethanol yuav tsum raug rau kev ua kom huv thiab cov txheej txheem concentration. Feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem distillation.
Kom tau txais ethanol, sib txawv ntawm cov poov xab Saccharomyces cerevisiae yog siv. Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm qhib tau cov txheej txheem no. Sawdust tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom noj khoom haus substrate lossis, hloov pauv, cov tshuaj tau los ntawm lawv.
Roj
Ntau tus neeg paub txog cov khoom uas ethanol muaj. Tias nws yog cawv lossis tshuaj tua kab mob kuj tau paub dav. Tab sis cawv kuj yog roj. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv foob pob ua ntxaij cav. Qhov tseeb paub zoo - thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, 70% hydrous ethanol tau siv los ua roj rau lub ntiaj teb thawj lub foob pob hluav taws German - V-2.
Tam sim no, cawv tau dhau mus lawm. Raws li ib tug roj, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub internal combustion engine, rau cua sov li. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam, nws yog poured rau hauv cawv teeb. Lub catalytic oxidation ntawm ethanol yog siv rau kev tsim cov cua sov pads, ob leeg tub rog thiab neeg mus ncig tebchaws. Txwv tsis pub haus cawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov nrog kua roj av fuels vim nws hygroscopicity.
Ethanol hauv kev lag luam chemical
Ethanol yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Nws ua haujlwm ua raw khoom rau kev tsim cov khoom xws li diethyl ether, acetic acid, chloroform, ethylene, acetaldehyde, tetraethyl lead, ethyl acetate. Hauv kev lag luam xim, ethanol yog dav siv los uakuab tshuaj. Cawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Cawv kuj yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj hauv tsev. Nws yog siv rau hauv detergents thiab tshuaj ntxuav. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv tu cev thiab iav.
YEthyl cawv hauv tshuaj
Ethyl cawv tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Nws muaj kev cuam tshuam rau yuav luag txhua pawg ntawm cov kab mob. Nws rhuav tshem cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob thiab microscopic fungi. Kev siv ethanol hauv tshuaj yog yuav luag universal. Qhov no yog ib qho zoo heev ziab thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Vim nws cov khoom tanning, cawv (96%) yog siv los kho cov rooj ua haujlwm thiab tus kws phais ob txhais tes.
Ethanol yog cov tshuaj hnyav. Nws yog dav siv rau kev tsim cov tinctures thiab rho tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab thiab lwm yam khoom siv cog. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus concentration ntawm cawv nyob rau hauv xws li tshuaj tsis tshaj 18 feem pua. Ethanol feem ntau yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob.
Ethyl cawv kuj zoo rau kev txhuam. Thaum kub taub hau, nws ua kom txias txias. Feem ntau cawv yog siv los ua kom sov compresses. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li, tsis muaj qhov liab liab thiab kub hnyiab ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, ethanol yog siv los ua ib qho defoamer thaum cov pa oxygen nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsws thaum ua pa. Tsis tas li ntawd, cawv yog ib feem ntawm kev siv tshuaj loog, uas tuaj yeem siv tau thaum muaj cov tshuaj tsis txaus.
Oddly txaus, kev kho mob ethanol yog siv los uatshuaj tua kab mob rau lom nrog cov tshuaj lom cawv, xws li methanol lossis ethylene glycol. Nws qhov kev txiav txim yog vim qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ob peb substrates, lub enzyme cawv dehydrogenase tsuas yog kev sib tw oxidation. Nws yog vim li no tias tom qab noj ethanol tam sim ntawd, tom qab tshuaj lom methanol lossis ethylene glycol, qhov txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov metabolites lom hauv lub cev tau pom. Rau methanol nws yog formic acid thiab formaldehyde, thiab rau ethylene glycol nws yog oxalic acid.
khoom noj khoom haus
Yog li peb cov yawg koob paub yuav ua li cas thiaj tau ethanol. Tab sis nws tau siv dav tshaj plaws tsuas yog hauv 19th thiab 20th centuries. Nrog rau dej, ethanol yog lub hauv paus ntawm yuav luag txhua yam dej cawv, feem ntau vodka, gin, rum, cognac, whiskey, thiab npias. Hauv qhov me me, cawv kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej qab zib uas tau los ntawm fermentation, piv txwv li, hauv kefir, koumiss, thiab kvass. Tab sis lawv tsis raug cais raws li cawv, vim tias cov concentration ntawm cawv hauv lawv tsawg heev. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm ethanol hauv kefir tshiab tsis tshaj 0.12%. Tab sis yog tias nws nyob, ces qhov concentration tuaj yeem nce mus rau 1%. Muaj me ntsis ntxiv ethyl cawv hauv kvass (txog 1.2%). Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov cawv muaj nyob rau hauv koumiss. Hauv cov khoom noj siv mis tshiab, nws cov concentration yog los ntawm 1 txog 3%, thiab hauv ib qho kev txiav txim siab nws nce mus txog 4.5%.
Ethyl cawv yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo. Cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau nws siv rau hauv kev lag luam zaub mov. Ethanol yog ib qho hnyav rau cov tshuaj tsw qab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom noj rau cov khoom ci. Nws sau npe uaKhoom noj khoom haus additive E1510. Ethanol muaj nqi zog ntawm 7.1 kcal / g.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ethanol rau tib neeg lub cev
Ethanol ntau lawm tau tsim thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Cov khoom tseem ceeb no yog siv rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Cawv tinctures yog tshuaj. So impregnated nrog cov tshuaj no yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob. Tab sis dab tsi cuam tshuam ethanol rau peb lub cev thaum noj? Nws puas pab tau lossis tsis zoo? Cov teeb meem no yuav tsum tau kawm kom ntxaws. Txhua leej txhua tus paub tias noob neej tau haus dej cawv ntau ntau pua xyoo. Tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, qhov teeb meem ntawm alcoholism tau txais qhov loj-scale qhov ntev. Peb cov poj koob yawm txwv haus mash, mead, thiab txawm tias tam sim no nrov npias, tab sis tag nrho cov dej qab zib no muaj tsawg feem pua ntawm ethanol. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau kev noj qab haus huv. Tab sis tom qab Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev diluted cawv nrog dej nyob rau hauv tej proportions, txhua yam hloov.
Tam sim no, cawv yog ib qho teeb meem hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub cev, cawv muaj cov nyhuv pathological ntawm yuav luag txhua lub cev yam tsis muaj kev zam. Nyob ntawm qhov concentration, koob tshuaj, txoj kev nkag mus thiab lub sijhawm ntawm qhov raug, ethanol tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom thiab tshuaj lom. Nws muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlab plawv system, txhawb kev tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob ntawm lub plab zom mov, nrog rau lub plab thiab duodenal ulcers. Nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv narcotic txhais tau hais tias lub peev xwm ntawm cawv ua rau stupor, insensitivity rau qhov mobkev hnov qab thiab inhibition ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug neeg muaj cawv heev, sai heev nws ua neeg quav cawv. Qee zaum, kev noj ethanol ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau coma.
Yuav ua li cas hauv peb lub cev thaum peb haus dej cawv? Lub ethanol molecule muaj peev xwm ua rau lub hauv paus paj hlwb puas. Raws li kev haus dej cawv, cov tshuaj hormone endorphin raug tso tawm hauv cov nucleus accumbens, thiab hauv cov neeg uas muaj kev quav dej caw thiab hauv orbitofrontal cortex. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, ethanol tsis tau lees paub tias yog tshuaj yeeb tshuaj, txawm hais tias nws qhia tag nrho cov kev coj ua. Ethyl cawv tsis suav nrog hauv cov npe thoob ntiaj teb cov tshuaj tswj hwm. Thiab qhov no yog qhov teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb, vim hais tias ntawm qee qhov koob tshuaj, uas yog 12 grams ntawm ib qho 1 kg ntawm lub cev hnyav, ethanol ua ntej ua rau mob hnyav, thiab tom qab ntawd tuag.
kab mob dab tsi ua rau ethanol?
Ethanol tov nws tus kheej tsis yog carcinogen. Tab sis nws lub ntsiab metabolite, acetaldehyde, yog cov tshuaj lom thiab mutagenic. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj muaj cov khoom carcinogenic thiab provokes kev loj hlob ntawm qog noj ntshav. Nws cov kev ua tau zoo tau kawm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kuaj mob ntawm cov tsiaj sim. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab heev, tab sis tib lub sijhawm ceeb toom cov txiaj ntsig. Nws hloov tawm tias acetaldehyde tsis yog tsuas yog carcinogen xwb, nws tuaj yeem ua rau DNA puas.
Kev siv dej cawv ntev ntev tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob xws li gastritis, cirrhosis ntawm daim siab, rwj ntawm tus neeg.12-colon, mob cancer ntawm lub plab, txoj hlab pas, me me thiab qhov quav, kab mob plawv. Kev noj ethanol tsis tu ncua hauv lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau oxidative puas tsuaj rau lub hlwb neurons. Vim kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntshav-hlwb barrier, lawv tuag. Kev tsim txom cov dej qab zib uas muaj cawv ua rau muaj kev haus dej cawv thiab kev kho mob tuag. Cov neeg haus cawv tsis tu ncua muaj kev pheej hmoo siab rau lub plawv nres thiab mob stroke.
Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog txhua yam khoom ntawm ethanol. Cov tshuaj no yog ib tug natural metabolite. Hauv qhov me me, nws tuaj yeem ua ke hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nws yog hu ua qhov tseeb endogenous cawv. Nws kuj yog tsim los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm cov khoom noj carbohydrate hauv lub plab zom mov. Xws li ethanol yog hu ua "conditionally endogenous alcohol". Ib tug zoo tib yam breathalyzer puas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cawv uas tau tsim hauv lub cev? Theoretically, qhov no yog ua tau. Nws cov nyiaj tsis tshua muaj siab tshaj 0.18 ppm. Tus nqi no yog qhov qis kawg ntawm cov cuab yeej ntsuas niaj hnub no.
