Nruab nrab thiab nrawm nrawm thiab nrawm. Cov qauv. Ua haujlwm piv txwv

Cov txheej txheem:

Nruab nrab thiab nrawm nrawm thiab nrawm. Cov qauv. Ua haujlwm piv txwv
Nruab nrab thiab nrawm nrawm thiab nrawm. Cov qauv. Ua haujlwm piv txwv
Anonim

Hauv physics, kinematics cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lus tsa suab ntawm macroscopic solids. Cov ceg ntawm mechanics no ua haujlwm nrog cov ntsiab lus xws li kev nrawm, nrawm thiab txoj hauv kev. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tsom mus rau cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog instantaneous acceleration thiab ceev. Peb kuj tseem yuav txiav txim siab seb cov qauv twg tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab cov khoom no.

Nrhiav nrawm

Lub tswv yim no paub rau txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv, pib ntawm qib qis. Txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm paub txog cov qauv hauv qab no:

v=S/t.

Ntawm S yog txoj hauv kev los ntawm lub cev txav mus rau lub sijhawm t. Qhov kev qhia no tso cai rau koj los xam qee qhov nruab nrab ceev v. Tseeb tiag, peb tsis paub tias lub cev txav mus li cas, nyob rau qhov twg ntawm txoj kev nws tsiv sai dua, thiab qhov twg qeeb dua. Nws tsis yog txawm cais tias ntawm qee lub sijhawm ntawm txoj kev nws tau so rau qee lub sijhawm. Qhov tsuas paub yog qhov kev ncua deb mus thiab qhov sib thoojlub sij hawm ncua.

Nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab, ceev raws li lub cev muaj nuj nqis yog pom nyob rau hauv lub teeb tshiab. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau muab cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:

v=dS/dt.

Yuav kom nkag siab qhov kev qhia no, koj yuav tsum paub seb qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm qee qhov kev suav suav li cas. Hauv qhov no, nws yog S(t). Txij li thaum lub derivative characterizes tus cwj pwm ntawm tus nkhaus ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb point no, qhov ceev xam los ntawm cov mis saum toj no yog hu ua instantaneous.

Speed up

Acceleration Formula
Acceleration Formula

Yog hais tias txhua yam kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, tom qab ntawd kom piav qhia meej, nws yuav tsum paub tsis yog qhov nrawm xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus nqi uas qhia tias nws hloov pauv li cas hauv lub sijhawm. Qhov no yog lub acceleration, uas yog lub sij hawm derivative ntawm ceev. Thiab qhov ntawd, nyob rau hauv lem, yog derivative nrog rau lub sij hawm mus ncig teb chaws. Cov mis rau kev nrawm nrawm yog:

a=dv/dt.

Vim qhov sib npaug no, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi v ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev.

Zoo ib yam li kev nrawm, qhov nruab nrab acceleration yog xam los ntawm cov qauv hauv qab no:

a=Δv/Δt.

Ntawm no Δv yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub cev qhov nrawm dhau lub sijhawm Δt. Nws yog pom tseeb tias lub sij hawm no lub cev muaj peev xwm ntawm ob qho tib si accelerating thiab decelerating. Tus nqi ntawm a, txiav txim siab los ntawm cov lus hais saum toj no, tsuas yog qhia tus nqi hloov pauv ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm qhov nruab nrab.

Kev nrawm nrog nrawm nrawm

Acceleration thiab ceev
Acceleration thiab ceev

Ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm hom kev txav ntawm lub cev hauv qhov chawyog qhov constancy ntawm tus nqi a, uas yog, a=const.

Qhov kev txav no tseem hu ua uniformly accelerated los yog uniformly slowed down nyob ntawm kev sib nrig sib coj ntawm lub nrawm thiab acceleration vectors. Hauv qab no, peb yuav txiav txim siab qhov kev txav mus los siv qhov piv txwv ntawm ob qhov kev sib tw tshaj plaws: txoj kab ncaj nraim thiab lub voj voog.

Thaum tsiv hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim thaum lub sijhawm txav nrawm nrawm, qhov nrawm nrawm thiab nrawm nrawm, nrog rau qhov kev ncua deb, cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no:

v=v0±at;

S=v0t ± at2/2.

Ntawm no v0 yog tus nqi ntawm qhov nrawm uas lub cev muaj ua ntej a. Cia peb nco ib nuance. Rau hom kev txav no, nws tsis muaj nuj nqis los hais txog kev nrawm nrawm, vim nws yuav zoo ib yam ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws instantaneous thiab nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb yuav sib npaug zos rau ib leeg.

Raws li qhov nrawm, thawj qhov kev qhia tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab nws txhua lub sijhawm. Ntawd yog, nws yuav yog qhov ntsuas tam sim. Txhawm rau xam qhov nruab nrab ceev, koj yuav tsum siv cov lus hais saum toj no, uas yog:

v=S/t=v0± a(t1+ t2)/2.

Ntawm no 1 thiab t2 yog lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas nrawm.

Qhov kos npe ntxiv rau hauv txhua tus qauv sib raug rau kev txav nrawm. Raws li, kos npe rho tawm - qeeb.

Accelerated thiab uniform zog
Accelerated thiab uniform zog

Thaum kawm tsab ntawv tsa suab hauv lub voj voog nrogtas li acceleration nyob rau hauv physics, angular yam ntxwv yog siv uas zoo ib yam li cov coj linear sawv daws yuav. Cov no suav nrog lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev sib hloov θ, angular tshaj tawm thiab acceleration (ω thiab α). Cov khoom no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib npaug zoo ib yam li cov lus qhia rau kev sib tw nrawm nrawm hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim, uas tau muab hauv qab no:

ω=ω0± αt;

θ=ω0t ± αt2/2.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov yam ntxwv angular muaj feem xyuam nrog cov kab hauv qab no:

S=θR;

v=ωR;

a=αR.

Ntawm R yog lub vojvoog ntawm lub voj voog.

Kev sib hloov nrog angular acceleration
Kev sib hloov nrog angular acceleration

Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov nruab nrab thiab nrawm nrawm

Nws paub tias lub cev txav mus raws txoj kev nyuaj. Nws lub nrawm nrawm hloov lub sijhawm raws li hauv qab no:

v=10 - 3t + t3.

Dab tsi yog qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm lub cev tam sim no t=3 (thib ob)? Nrhiav qhov nruab nrab acceleration nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm ob mus rau plaub vib nas this.

thawj lo lus nug ntawm qhov teeb meem yog yooj yim los teb yog tias koj xam qhov derivative ntawm qhov ua haujlwm v(t). Peb tau txais:

a=|dv/dt|t=2;

a=|3t2- 3|t=2=24 m/s2.

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov nrawm nrawm, siv cov lus hauv qab no:

a=(v2- v1)/(t2- t 1);

a=((10 - 34 + 43) - (10 - 32 + 2 3)) /2=25 m/c2.

Los ntawm kev suav nws ua raws,tias qhov nruab nrab acceleration me ntsis tshaj qhov instantaneous ib nrab ntawm lub sij hawm txiav txim siab.

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