Russia lus yog nplua nuj thiab muaj yeeb yuj. Nrog nws cov kev pab, koj tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov tswv yim nyuaj tshaj plaws, kev xav thiab cov duab. Cov cuab yeej hais lus muaj zog tshaj plaws rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab qhia txog kev ua, tau kawg, yog cov lus txhais tsis sib xws thiab tsis sib xws. Cov piv txwv ntawm lawv siv muaj nyob thoob plaws hauv kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv.
Txawm hais tias cov lus txhais yog cov tswv cuab thib ob ntawm kab lus, lawv feem ntau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tsis muaj lawv, cov lus yuav pluag, ua qhuav. Xim, suab, tsw, daim ntawv thiab lwm yam cim ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov khoom thiab cov xwm txheej uas zoo li piav tau pom zoo thiab tsis sib haum cov ntsiab lus tseg cia.
Piv txwv: "Tus ntxhais khiav tawm hauv tsev mus saib tom tiaj nyom." Cov kab lus no qhia meej txog qhov xwm txheej, tab sis nws tsis meej meej cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntsiab lus hloov cov kab lus, sau nws nrog cov yeeb yuj cov ntsiab lus uas pab tus nyeem ntawv xav txog daim duab ntau dua, ci dua. "Ib tug hluas nkauj siab, luag, nyob rau hauv ib tug embroideredpaj tawg paj, khiav tawm ntawm lub tsev vine-npog thiab ntsia lub motley, lub teeb-filled meadow."
Cov ntsiab lus
Cov lus txhais yog cov lus thiab kab lus uas teb cov lus nug "leej twg?", "qhov twg?", "dab tsi?". Lawv yog cov tswv cuab thib ob hauv kab lus, qhia ntau yam cim ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab cov khoom (saj, duab, xim, thiab lwm yam). Cov lus txhais tau hais nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw thiab syntactically ib txwm nyob ntawm lo lus tseem ceeb. Thaum parsing, lawv yuav tsum tau cim nrog ib tug wavy kab.
Qhov txawv ntawm cov lus pom zoo thiab tsis sib xws. Piv txwv ntawm lawv siv yuav muab hauv qab no. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb - kev siv. Lawv ib txwm pom zoo nrog lo lus tseem ceeb thiab qhia los ntawm cov npe. Feem ntau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev sau ntawv. Cov cim cim cim qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cais cov lus pom zoo thiab tsis sib haum xeeb. Cia wb mus saib lawv.
Agreed definitions
Hom no ua tiav nrog cov lus teev tseg hauv rooj plaub, poj niam txiv neej, thiab tus lej. Hom syntactic kev sib txuas ntawm lawv yog kev pom zoo. Piv txwv:
- "Ib tug menyuam roj hmab zoo nkauj pw ntawm lub txee": tus menyuam roj hmab dab tsi? - zoo nkauj, ob lo lus yog cov lus, npe thiab poj niam.
- "Peb saib cov kwj deg uas ntws mus rau hauv lub pas dej": kwj deg - dab tsi? – ntws, cov lus units yog plural, genitive.
- "Nws ntaus nws ob txhais ceg nrog lub thoob hlau": lub thoob zoo li cas? - steel, ob lo lus muaj units. tus lej,instrumental case thiab Wednesday. gen.
Expressed as:
- Ib leeg thiab cov koom nrog: "cov qhua tuaj txog", "kev xav uas cuam tshuam nrog kev pw tsaug zog."
- Ordinal lossis cardinal tus lej: "Lub Kaum Ib Hlis xya", "Kuv nyob nrog ib tus npau suav".
- Single and common adjective: "funny story", "native los ntawm me nyuam hav zoov".
- Pronouns: " hmo no", "kuv tus miv."
Common mistake
Muaj ntau cov kab lus nyob rau hauv uas lub adjective yog heev ze ze rau lub ntsiab lus rau lo lus raug txhais thiab yog li ntawd tsis ua ib tug pom zoo txhais, txawm hais tias nws sib haum mus rau tag nrho cov respects. Yog li ntawd, kom tsis txhob yuam kev, ib tug yuav tsum tau ceev faj thiab delve rau hauv lub ntsiab lus thiab ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus. Piv txwv li: Hiav Txwv Dub, Khaub Ncaws, Tsheb ciav hlau, Maybug, Mushrooms Dawb.
Applications
Ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm kev pom zoo txhais. Daim ntawv thov muab lo lus txuam nrog nws lub ntsiab lus ntxiv, piav qhia nws, taw qhia nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Ntawd yog, nws ua haujlwm tib yam li qhov tsis sib xws thiab pom zoo txhais. Piv txwv daim ntawv thov: txiv neej postman; Cov neeg ncig tebchaws Suav; tus muam mos; Niam Volga; Dnepr River; pilot Pokryshkin; magazine "Star"; dev kab; lub cev muaj zog nkoj "Svetlov"; tus ntxhais ntxim hlub.
Cov lus txhais tsis sib xws
Cov lus txhais tsis pom zoo rau rooj plaub, nrog rau poj niam txiv neej lossis tus lej nrog lo lus raug txhais. Ntawm cov lus hauvHauv qhov no, ob hom kev sib txuas tuaj yeem tsim tau: syntactic adjacency lossis tswj. Thaum daim ntawv ntawm lo lus tseem ceeb hloov, lub ntsiab lus tseem zoo ib yam.
Piv txwv ntawm kab lus nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws:
- "Kuv mam muab ib pob paj loj dua rau nws": pob paj twg? - ntau, kev sib txuas - syntactic adjacency.
- "Txiv lub tsho loj poob rau hauv av": lub tsho twg? - txiv, kev sib txuas - kev tswj hwm.
Cov lus txhais tau hais tias:
- Noun: "kev npaj ua haujlwm tau hloov lawm."
- Pronouns: "nws zaj dab neeg wowed cov neeg tuaj saib."
- Adverbs: "Niam ua American scrambled qe."
- Ib qho piv txwv: "tus qhia tau xaiv txoj kev yooj yim dua."
- Phraseologism thiab kev sib txuas lus zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus: "tsis yog lub ntiaj teb no, nws yeej nyiam nws lawm", "lub rooj mahogany txhawb kev hwm thiab txaus ntshai."
- Infinitive: "nws muaj kev mloog."
Semantic functions of definitions
Cov lus pom zoo thiab tsis sib haum xeeb pab tsim thiab piav qhia meej cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no ntawm cov khoom (lo lus tseem ceeb):
- Quality, Quantity, Evaluation: "Blue Sky", "Beautiful Flower", "Havy Burden", "Delicious Lunch", "Sab laug", "Sub Day", "Parge Spectators", "Pawg Loj".
- Kev ua lossis txheej txheem: "tus txiv neej khiav", "tus hluas nkauj xav tias", "ntev ntev ovation".
- Sijhawm: "kev tawm dag zog thaum sawv ntxov", "Lub Plaub Hlis poob", "Tshiab Xyoo Tshiab".
- Place: "tsob hav zoov", "club vibe","Tus neeg nyob hauv nroog."
- Kev koom nrog: "txiv neej", "tus kwv tij hlub", "tus kws ncaws pob".
Table: pom zoo thiab tsis sib xws txhais
Tabular kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tso cai rau koj los tsim cov ntaub ntawv kom meej thiab meej. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, txawm cov ntaub ntawv complex yog perceived yooj yim dua. Cov ntxhuav dhau los ua ib qho cuab yeej siv tau thaum ua cov ntawv xeem hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab kev tawm dag zog. Cov ntsiab lus pom zoo thiab tsis sib haum yog piav qhia hauv lawv kom meej thiab nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim. Lawv nco qab yooj yim dua thiab rov hais dua yog tias tsim nyog.
Kho cov khoom
Txawm li cas los xij, lub rooj tsuas yog kev pab rau kev kawm xwb. Kev xav tsis meej ntawm kev siv cov ntsiab lus tseem yuav pab me ntsis. Cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws thiab tsis sib xws yuav tsum tau lees paub kom paub meej, muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm nrog lawv, ntseeg siab txiav txim siab lawv hom. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua yog xyaum. Hmoov zoo, txhua phau ntawv tuaj yeem ua cov ntaub ntawv qhia, cov ntaub ntawv classical tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv txhua hom kev txhais.
Cov kev ua tau zoo li no yuav txhim kho thiab sib sau ua ke cov kev paub uas tau txais thiab tom qab ntawd pab koj kom dhau qhov kev xeem hauv tsev kawm tau yooj yim. Cov lus pom zoo thiab tsis sib haum yog qhov yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ib leeg. Nws yog txaus los ua raws li cov algorithm hauv qab no:
thawj theem. Nrhiav nyob rau hauv kab lus lub ntsiab lus uas lub ntsiab txhais yog txuam, nug ib lo lus nug los ntawm nws.
Kev tawm dag zog: "Dab mos liab frolicked hauv nyom": menyuam dev - dab tsi? - qhiav. Lo lus liab yog lo lus teb raulo lus nug "dab tsi?" yog qhov kev pom zoo lossis tsis sib haum xeeb. Qhov kev tawm dag zog tuaj yeem suav nrog ntau cov qauv tsim nrog ntau lub ntsiab lus. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog txheeb cais raws li tib lub algorithm.
theem thib ob. Txiav txim siab hom kev hais lus uas lub ntsiab lus hais txog, thiab seb nws puas haum rau rooj plaub loj, nrog rau tus lej thiab poj niam txiv neej. Nyob rau theem no, thaum xub thawj nws yog qhov yooj yim los siv lub rooj ntawm cov lus pom zoo thiab tsis sib haum xeeb los sau koj txhais tes. Yog hais tias lo lus cov ntaub ntawv sib phim, ces cov ntsiab lus zoo ib yam, yog tsawg kawg yog ib tug tsis sib xws, ces nws yog inconsistent.
"Aub liab liab frolicked nyob rau hauv nyom": lo lus raug txhais yog "puppy" (singular, im. case, masculine), lo lus dependent yog "liab" (singular, im. case, txiv neej). genus). Xaus: Qhov no yog qhov pom zoo txhais.
Kev tawm dag zog ntau dua
"Los ntawm lub qhov rais misted ntawm lub npav tuaj yeem pom ib lub tsev qub qub nrog cov pej thuam-rook."
Thawj theem:
- "Qhov rai" - qhov twg? - "fogged" - ib lub cim nco txog.
- "Qhov rai" - leej twg? - "bus" yog lub npe.
- "Castle" - dab tsi? - "antique" yog ib qho adjective.
- "Tower" - qhov twg? - "rook" - daim ntawv thov.
theem ob:
- Windows (singular, accusative, neuter) - misted (singular, accusative, neuter). Cov ntaub ntawv sib phim, xaus lus: pom zoo txhais.
- Okna (singular, accusative, neuter) - npav (singular, genitive, masculine). Cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib xws, tso zis: inconsistent definition.
- Castle (singular, nominative case, txiv neej) - ancient (singular)num, npe poob, tus txiv. genus). Cov ntaub ntawv sib phim, xaus lus: pom zoo txhais.
- Tower (singular, nominative case, feminine) - rook (singular, nominative, feminine). Xaus: qhov pom zoo txhais raws li daim ntawv thov.
