Cia peb xav txog qee yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub. Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias lawv tau tshwm sim nrog rau kev txais yuav cov ntseeg Vajtswv hauv Russia. Qhov kev siv ntawm nws qhov kev faib tawm yog qhov pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm lub xeev.
History of Appearance
Kev sau ntawv tau siv ntau yam ntawm pej xeem thiab xeev lub neej, hauv kev cai lij choj, kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb thiab hauv tebchaws.
Tom qab lub sijhawm sau ntawv, cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov neeg txhais lus tau txhawb nqa, thiab ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub tau pib tsim.
Nws ua hauj lwm rau cov kev xav tau thiab kev xav tau ntawm pawg ntseeg, suav nrog cov lus tseem ceeb, lub neej, kev qhia. Cov ntaub ntawv Secular tau tshwm sim hauv Ancient Russia, cov ntawv keeb kwm pib khaws cia.
Nyob hauv lub siab ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub sijhawm no, cov ntaub ntawv tau suav nrog ua ke nrog kev ntseeg.
Cov neeg sau ntawv qub Lavxias: cov neeg sau keeb kwm, cov kws sau keeb kwm, cov kws sau cov lus zoo, lawv txhua tus tau hais txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nkag siab. Thaum kawg ntawm X - pib ntawm XI caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov hauj lwm tau nqa tawm tsom mus rau txhais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Greek lus thaum ub. Ua tsaug rau qhov haujlwm noRau ob centuries, cov qub Lavxias teb sab scripts tswj kom paub nrog ntau monuments ntawm lub Byzantine lub sij hawm, thiab nyob rau hauv lawv lub hauv paus tsim ntau yam ntawm cov qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. DS Likhachev, tshuaj xyuas keeb kwm ntawm Russia nkag mus rau cov phau ntawv ntawm Bulgaria thiab Byzantium, tau hais tawm ob tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem zoo li no.
Nws tau lees paub tias muaj cov ntawv sau cia uas tau dhau los ua rau Serbia, Bulgaria, Byzantium, Russia.
Cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab no suav nrog cov phau ntawv liturgical, vaj lug kub, keeb kwm, tej hauj lwm ntawm pawg ntseeg sau ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntuj. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim ntawv teev npe no suav nrog qee qhov monuments ntawm keeb kwm piav qhia, piv txwv li, "Lub Romance ntawm Alexander lub Great".
Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Bulgarian thaum ub, Slavic intermediary, yog kev txhais lus los ntawm cov lus Greek, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Christian thaum ntxov sau nyob rau hauv 3rd-7th centuries.
Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob faib cov ntawv qub Slavic rau hauv cov ntawv txhais lus thiab thawj, lawv yog cov organically txuas nrog ib leeg.
Nyeem lwm tus neeg phau ntawv hauv Ancient Russia yog pov thawj ntawm qhov thib ob ntawm haiv neeg kab lis kev cai hauv kev nthuav qhia kev kos duab. Thaum xub thawj, ntawm cov ntawv sau muaj ntau cov ntawv nyeem tsis txaus: ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntseeg, keeb kwm, kev coj ncaj ncees.
Folklore tej hauj lwm tau dhau los ua hom lus tseem ceeb. Yuav kom nkag siab txog originality thiab originality ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, nws yog txaus kom paub koj tus kheej nrog tej hauj lwm uas yog "sab nraum ib hom ntawv": "Kev qhia"Vladimir Monomakh, "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Igor Txoj Kev Sib Tw", "Kev Thov" los ntawm Daniil Zatochnik.
Pib hom ntawv
Cov hom ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub muaj xws li tej hauj lwm uas tau los ua cov khoom siv rau lwm cov lus qhia. Lawv suav nrog:
- kev qhia;
- stories;
- word;
- life.
Cov hauj lwm zoo li no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub muaj xws li keeb kwm keeb kwm, cov ntaub ntawv huab cua, pawg ntseeg lus dab neeg, keeb kwm keeb kwm.
Lub neej
Nws tau qiv los ntawm Byzantium. Lub neej raws li ib hom ntawv ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws thiab nthuav dav. Lub neej raug suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tus cwj pwm thaum ib tug neeg tau nyob rau hauv cov neeg ntseeg, uas yog, lawv tau canonized. Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg uas ncaj qha sib txuas lus nrog ib tug neeg, muaj peev xwm qhia tau hais txog lub ci ci ntawm nws lub neej. Cov ntawv nyeem tau tsim tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus neeg uas nws tau hais. Nws tau ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm, txij li lub neej ntawm cov neeg dawb huv tau pom tias yog tus qauv (tus qauv) ntawm kev ncaj ncees, ua raws li nws.
Txoj sia pab tib neeg kov yeej kev ntshai ntawm kev tuag, lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsis txawj tuag ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig tau tshaj tawm.
Canons of Life
Txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawv Lavxias thaum ub, peb nco ntsoov tias cov canons raws li lub neej tau tsim tseem tsis hloov pauv mus txog rau xyoo pua 16th. Ua ntej, nws tau hais txog keeb kwm ntawm tus phab ej, tom qab ntawd ib qho chaw tau muab rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog nws lub neej ncaj ncees,txog qhov tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm kev tuag. Cov lus piav qhia xaus nrog kev qhuas.
Sib tham txog yam dab tsi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub suav tias yog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws, peb nco ntsoov tias nws yog lub neej uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm piav qhia txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov Vaj Ntxwv Dawb Huv Gleb thiab Boris.
laus Russian eloquence
Teb cov lus nug txog dab tsi muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub, peb nco ntsoov tias kev hais lus muaj nyob hauv peb hom:
- political;
- didactic;
- ncig.
Kev qhia
Cov kab ke ntawm cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab txawv nws raws li ntau hom lus Lavxias thaum ub. Hauv kev qhia, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim ua ib qho qauv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm rau txhua tus neeg Lavxias thaum ub: ib tug commoner, ib tug tub huabtais. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm hom ntawv no yog Kev Qhia ntawm Vladimir Monomakh los ntawm Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo, hnub tim 1096. Lub sijhawm ntawd, kev tsis sib haum xeeb rau lub zwm txwv ntawm cov thawj coj tau mus txog lawv qhov siab tshaj plaws. Hauv nws cov lus qhuab qhia, Vladimir Monomakh muab cov lus pom zoo txog kev npaj nws lub neej. Nws thov kom nrhiav kev cawmdim ntawm tus ntsuj plig nyob hauv txoj kev cais, hu kom pab cov neeg xav tau kev pab, ua hauj lwm rau Vajtswv.
Monomakh lees paub qhov xav tau kev thov Vajtswv ua ntej kev sib tw ua tub rog los ntawm tus qauv ntawm nws lub neej. Nws tawm tswv yim los tsim kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog xwm.
Sermon
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov hom ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm Cov Ntawv Laus Lavxias, peb hais tias qhov no oratorical pawg ntseeg hom, uas muaj kev xav tshwj xeeb, tau koom nrog hauv keeb kwm.kev kawm ntawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas yog nyob rau qee theem qhia txog lub sijhawm.
Cov lus qhuab qhia hu ua Basil the Great, Augustine the Blessed, John Chrysostom, Gregory the Dialogist "txiv ntawm pawg ntseeg". Luther cov lus qhuab qhia raug lees paub tias yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm txog kev tsim ntawm New German prose, thiab cov lus ntawm Bourdalou, Bossuet, thiab lwm tus neeg hais lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog cov piv txwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev hais lus ntawm Fabkis classicism. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv medieval Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv yog siab, lawv paub meej tias lub originality ntawm cov hom ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv.
Piv txwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab qub pre-Mongol cov lus qhuab qhia, uas muab ib daim duab tiav ntawm kev tsim cov khoom xyaw thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kos duab, cov keeb kwm xav txog "Cov Lus" ntawm Metropolitan Hilarion thiab Kirill Turvosky. Lawv txawj siv Byzantine cov peev txheej, ntawm lawv lub hauv paus lawv tsim cov haujlwm zoo ntawm lawv tus kheej. Lawv siv ntau npaum li cas antitheses, sib piv, personifications of abstract concepts, allegory, rhetorical fragments, dramatic presentation, dialogues, partial landscapes.
Cov piv txwv hauv qab no ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia, tsim los ntawm kev tsim qauv txawv txawv, raug txiav txim siab los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij los ua "Cov Lus" ntawm Serapion Vladimirsky, "Cov Lus" ntawm Maxim Greek. Lub hnub qub ntawm kev coj ua thiab kev xav ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev kos duab tuaj rau xyoo pua 18th, lawv tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm Ukraine thiab Poland.
lus
Tshaj tawm hom ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub, peb yuav xyuam xim tshwj xeeb rau lo lus. Nws yog ib hom ntawv ntawm Old Russianlus zoo. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm nom tswv, cia peb hu rau The Tale of Igor's Campaign. Txoj hauj lwm no ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ntau tus neeg keeb kwm.
Vim yog vim li cas tus thawj coj ntawm txoj haujlwm no tsis tuaj yeem khaws cia, tsuas yog ib daim ntawv xwb.
Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub, uas "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Igor Txoj Kev Sib Tw" tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi, yog qhov txawv ntawm nws cov txuj ci txawv txawv thiab kev kos duab.
Txoj hauj lwm no ua txhaum cov txheej txheem ib txwm ua ntawm zaj dab neeg. Tus sau yog thawj zaug pauv mus rau yav dhau los, tom qab ntawd hais txog tam sim no, siv cov lus piav qhia uas ua rau nws nkag mus rau ntau ntu: Yaroslavna lub suab, Svyatoslav tus npau suav.
"Lo lus" muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov ncauj kev kos duab pej xeem, cov cim. Nws muaj epics, dab neeg dab neeg, thiab tseem muaj keeb kwm kev nom kev tswv: Lavxias teb sab princes koom ua ke hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam ib tug yeeb ncuab.
"Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Igor Txoj Kev Sib Tw" yog ib qho ntawm cov phau ntawv uas muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev ua nom ua tswv thaum ntxov. Nws yog nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug nrog lwm cov haujlwm:
- Nibelungenlied;
- "Knight hauv Panther daim tawv nqaij";
- "David of Sasun."
Cov hauj lwm no suav hais tias yog ib theem, koom rau tib theem ntawm cov lus dab neeg thiab kev sau ntawv.
Lo lus "ua ke" muab ob hom lus dab neeg: kev quaj ntsuag thiab lub yeeb koob. Los ntawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm muaj ib qho kev quaj ntsuag ntawm cov xwm txheej tshwm sim, kev qhuas ntawm cov thawj coj.
Cov tswv yim zoo li no yog ib txwm ua rau lwm yam haujlwm ntawm Ancient Russia. Piv txwv li, "Lo lus hais txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab av"yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev quaj ntsuag ntawm kev tuag ntawm Lavxias teb sab nrog lub yeeb koob ntawm lub zog yav dhau los.
Raws li qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus Lavxias thaum ub, "Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Txoj Cai thiab Kev Hlob" yog tus sau uas yog Metropolitan Hilarion. Txoj haujlwm no tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Qhov laj thawj ntawm kev sau ntawv yog ua tiav ntawm kev tsim kho tub rog fortifications hauv Kyiv. Cov hauj lwm muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Russia los ntawm Byzantine Empire.
Raws li "Txoj Cai" Illarion sau Phau Qub, muab rau cov neeg Yudais, tsis haum rau cov neeg Lavxias. Vajtswv muab Txoj Kev Khi Lus Tshiab hu ua “Grace”. Illarion sau hais tias, raws li Emperor Constantine tau fwm nyob rau hauv Byzantium, cov neeg Lavxias kuj hwm Prince Vladimir lub Red Sun, uas ua kev cai raus dej Rus.
Zaj
Tau suav hais tias yog hom ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm Cov ntawv qub Lavxias, cia peb mloog cov dab neeg. Cov no yog cov ntawv ntawm ib hom epic, qhia txog kev siv tub rog, tub huabtais, thiab lawv txoj haujlwm. Piv txwv ntawm cov haujlwm no yog:
- "Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky";
- "Zaj dab neeg ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm Ryazan los ntawm Batu Khan";
- "Zaj dab neeg sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Kalka."
hom ntawv tshaj plaws hauv cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub yog hom tub rog zaj dab neeg. Ntau cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm ntsig txog nws tau raug luam tawm. Ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm tau mloog zoo rau kev txheeb xyuas cov dab neeg: D. S. Likhachev, A. S. Orlova, N. A. Meshchersky. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ib txwm ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm cov tub rog zaj dab neeg yog suav hais tias yog cov secular ntaub ntawv ntawm Ancient Russia, nws inalienably belongs rau lub voj voog.church cov ntaub ntawv.
Qhov ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov haujlwm no tau piav qhia los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov pagan yav dhau los nrog cov ntseeg tshiab ntiaj teb. Cov ntsiab lus no ua rau muaj kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm kev ua tub rog uas sib xyaw ua yeeb yam thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv ntiaj teb. Ntawm cov peev txheej uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov hom ntawv no thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, cov kws tshaj lij ib leeg tawm ua haujlwm txhais lus: "Alexandria", "Deed of Devgen".
N. A. Meshchersky, uas yog koom nyob rau hauv ib tug sib sib zog nqus kev kawm ntawm no monument kev sau ntawv, ntseeg hais tias lub "History" muaj ib tug cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tub rog zaj dab neeg ntawm Ancient Russia mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws. Nws lees paub nws lub tswv yim nrog ntau tus lej ntawm cov lus siv hauv ntau yam kev sau ntawv hauv Lavxias thaum ub: "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky", Kyiv thiab Galicia-Volyn chronicles.
Historians lees tias Icelandic sagas thiab tub rog epics tau siv los tsim cov hom ntawv no.
Tus tub rog tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev ua siab loj thiab kev dawb huv. Lub tswv yim ntawm nws zoo ib yam li cov lus piav qhia ntawm epic hero. Lub ntsiab ntawm kev ua tub rog tau hloov pauv, lub siab xav tuag rau txoj kev ntseeg loj ua ntej.
Ib lub luag haujlwm cais tau muab rau tus thawj tswj hwm. Txoj kev ntshaw rau yus tus kheej mus rau hauv kev txo hwj chim rau yus tus kheej. Kev siv ntawm pawg no yog ua los ntawm kev hais lus thiab kab lis kev cai.
Chronicle
Nws yog ib yam lus piav qhia txog keeb kwm xwm txheej. Chronicle yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm thawj hom ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab hnub qub. Nyob rau hauv ancient Russia nwsua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb, vim tias nws tsis tsuas yog qhia txog qee qhov xwm txheej keeb kwm, tab sis kuj yog cov ntaub ntawv raug cai thiab nom tswv, yog qhov kev lees paub ntawm yuav coj li cas hauv qee qhov xwm txheej. Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo, uas tau nqis los rau peb hauv Ipatiev Chronicle ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, suav hais tias yog lub sijhawm qub tshaj plaws. Nws qhia txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Kiev princes, hais txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ancient Lavxias teb sab xeev.
Keeb Kwm suav tias yog "kev sib koom ua ke", uas ua rau cov khoom hauv qab no: tub rog, keeb kwm keeb kwm, lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg dawb huv, lus qhuas, kev qhia.
Chronograph
Cov no yog cov ntawv uas muaj cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog lub sijhawm ntawm XV-XVI centuries. Ib qho ntawm thawj cov haujlwm zoo li no tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm los ua Chronograph raws li Kev Tshaj Tawm Zoo. Txoj hauj lwm no tsis tau mus txog peb lub sijhawm tag nrho, yog li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws yog qhov tsis sib xws.
Ntxiv rau cov hom ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab cov ntaub ntawv thaum ub muaj npe nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, muaj ntau lwm cov lus qhia, txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv txawv. Ntau hom yog ib qho kev lees paub ncaj qha ntawm ntau yam thiab originality ntawm kev sau ntawv tsim nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia.
